<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">731</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21823/2311-2905-2017-23-2-102-114</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ADULT ACGUIRED FLATFOOT DEFORMITY (REVIEW)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПЛОСКО-ВАЛЬГУСНАЯ ДЕФОРМАЦИЯ СТОП У ВЗРОСЛЫХ (ОБЗОР ИНОСТРАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulatov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булатов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksander  A. Bulatov  – Cand.  Sci. (Med.),  Orthopedic Surgeon   of  Traumatology  and   Orthopedics  Department N 19.</p><p>8, ul. Akad. Baykova, St. Petersburg, 195427</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Булатов   Александр  Анатольевич   – кандидат медицинских наук, врач  травматолог-ортопед травматолого-ортопедическим отделением   №  19.</p><p>Ул. Акад. Байкова, д. 8, Санкт-Петербург, 195427</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Emelyanov</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емельянов</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir  G.  Emelyanov  – Head   of  Traumatology and Orthopedics Department  N  19.</p><p>8, ul. Akad. Baykova, St. Petersburg, 195427</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Емельянов  Владимир   Геннадьевич  – кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий     травматолого-ортопедическим    отделением №  19.</p><p>Ул. Акад. Байкова, д. 8, Санкт-Петербург, 195427</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kirill S. Mikhaylov – Researche.</p><p>8, ul. Akad. Baykova, St. Petersburg, 195427</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайлов  Кирилл  Сергеевич – лаборант-исследователь научного  отделения диагностики заболеваний и повреждений опорно-двигательной системы.</p><p>Ул. Акад. Байкова, д. 8, Санкт-Петербург, 195427</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-07-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>114</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2017-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/731">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/731</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Flatfoot deformity represents a complex pathology often observed in active adult population. Conservative treatment does not  always yield the intended outcome.  Various  surgical  methods  addressing  mentioned pathology  were actively developing  during  past decades. However,  despite  diversity  of procedures there  are many contradictions in respect  of necessity  and efficiency of a certain  procedure especially in grades II and IV of the disease. The paper presents  clinical, roentgenological and biomechanical  features of acquired flatfoot deformity. The authors  analyzed literature publications dedicated to different correction methods  adopted  in world orthopaedics.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Плоско-вальгусная деформация стоп представляет собой сложную  патологию,  которая  нередко  встречается у активного  взрослого  населения.  Консервативное лечение  далеко  не всегда приводит  к желаемому  результату. В последние десятилетия активно развиваются различные методы хирургических вмешательств  при данной патологии. Однако, несмотря на разнообразие оперативных подходов, существует большое количество  противоречий, касающихся  целесообразности и успешности  применения той или иной операции,  особенно при II и IV стадиях заболевания. В статье представлены клинико-рентгенологические и биомеханические особенности  плоско-вальгусных деформаций стоп. Представлен анализ публикаций, описывающих различные методы хирургической коррекции, которые приняты  в мировой ортопедии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>flatfoot deformity</kwd><kwd>longitudinal flatfoot</kwd><kwd>posterior tibial tendon insufficiency</kwd><kwd>surgical flatfoot correction</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плоско-вальгусная деформация стоп</kwd><kwd>плоскостопие</kwd><kwd>недостаточность сухожилия задней большеберцовой мышцы</kwd><kwd>хирургическое лечение плоскостопия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Abousayed M.M., Tartaglione J.P., Rosenbaum A.J., Dipreta J.A. Classifications in brief: Johnson and Strom classification of adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(2):588-593. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4581-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Alvarez R.G., Marini A., Schmitt C., Saltzman C.L. Stage І and ІІ posterior tibial tendon dysfunction treated by structured nonoperative management protocol: an orthosis and exercise program. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(1):2-8. DOI: 10.1177/107110070602700102.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Arangio G.A., Salathé E.P. Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy reduces the excess forces in the medial longitudinal arch of the flat foot. Clin Biomech. 2001;16(6): 535-539. DOI: 10.1016/S0268-0033(01)00011-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Arangio G.A., Salathe E.P. A biomechanical analysis of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer in adult acquired flat foot. Clin Biomech. 2009;24(4):385-390. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.01.009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Astion D., Deland J.T., Otis J., Kenneally S. Motion of the hindfoot after simulated arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(2):241-246.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Bare A.A., Haddad S.L. Tenosynovitis of the posterior tibial tendon. Foot Ankle Clin. 2001;6(1):37-66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Basmajian J.V., Stecko G. The role of muscles in arch support of the foot. J Bone J Surg Am. 1963;45:1184-1190.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Beals T.C., Pomeroy G.C., Manoli A. 2nd. Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999;7(2):112-118.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Bluman E.M., Title C.I., Myerson M.S. Posterior tibial tendon rapture: a refined classification system. Foot Ankle Clin. 2007;12(2):233-249. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2007.03.003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Brodsky J.W., Zubak J.J., Pollo F.E., Baum B.S. Preliminary gait analysis results after posterior tibial tendon reconstruction: a prospective study. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(2):96-100. DOI:10.1177/107110070402500210.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Chan J.Y., Ellis S.J. Reconstruction of the stage ІІA adultacquired flatfoot deformity. Tech Foot Ankle. 2014;13(1): 14-22. DOI: 10.1097/BTF.0000000000000022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Charwat-Pessler C.G., Hofstaetter S.G., Jakubek D.E., Trieb K. Interference screw fixation of FDL transfer in the treatment of adult acquired flat foot deformity stage ІІ. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135(10):1369-1378. DOI: 10.1007/s00402-015-2295-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Davis W.H., Sobel M., Dicarlo E.F., Torzilli P.A., Deng X., Geppert M.J., Patel M.B., Deland J.T. Gross, histological, and microvascular anatomy and biomechanical testing of the spring ligament complex. Foot Ankle Int. 1996;17(2): 95-102. DOI: 10.1177/107110079601700207.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Deland J.T. The adult acquired flatfoot and spring ligament complex. Pathology and implications for treatment. Foot Ankle Clin. 2001;6(1):129-135.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Deland J.T., Page A., Sung I.-H., O’malley M.J., Inda D., Choung S. Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency results at different stages. HSSJ. 2006;2(2):157-160. DOI: 10.1007/s11420-006-9017-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Deland J.T. Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(7):399-406.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Deland J.T. Spring ligament complex and flatfoot deformity: curse or blessing? Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(3): 239-243. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2012.0239.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Durrant B., Chockalingam N., Hashmi F. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a review. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2011;101(2):176-186.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Ellis S.J., Yu J.C., Williams B.R., Lee C., Chin Y.L., Deland J.T. New radiographic parameters assessing forefoot abduction in the adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(12):1168-1176. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2009.1168.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Ellis S.J., Williams B.R., Yu J.C., Deland J.T. Spring ligament reconstruction for advanced flatfoot deformity with the use of an Achilles allograft. Oper Tech Orthop. 2010;20(3):175-182. DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2010.09.006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Ellis S.J., Williams B.R., Wagshul A.D., Pavlov H., Deland J.T. Deltoid ligament reconstruction with peroneus longus autograft in flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(9): 781-789. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2010.0781.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Ellis S.J., Williams B.R., Garg R., Campbell G., Pavlov H., Deland J.T. Incidence of plantar lateral foot pain before and after the use of trial metal wedges in lateral column lengthening. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(7):665-673. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2011.0665.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Evans D. Calcaneo-valgus deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1975;57(3):270-278.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Fernández De Retana P., Alvarez F., Bacca G. Is there a role for subtalar arthroereisis in the management of adult acquired flatfoot? Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(2):271-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2012.03.006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Gentchos C.E., Anderson J.G., Bohay D.R. Management of the rigid arthritic flatfoot in the adults: alternatives to triple arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(2):323-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2012.03.009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Guha A.R., Perera A.M. Calcaneal osteotomy in the treatment of adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(2):247-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2012.02.003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Haddad S.L., Myerson M.S., Younger A., Anderson R.B., Davis W.H., Manoli A. 2nd. Symposium: adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(1):95-111. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2011.0095.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Haddad S.L., Deland J.T. Pes planus. In: Mann’s Surgery of the Foot and Ankle. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier. 2014; 9th ed. рp. 1292-1360.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Hadfield M., Snyder J., Liacouras P., Owen J., Wayne J., Adelaar R. The effects of a medializing calcaneal osteotomy with and without superior translation on Achilles tendon elongation and plantar foot pressures. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26(5):365-370. DOI: 10.1177/107110070502600504.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Hiller L., Pinney S.J. Surgical treatment of acquired flatfoot deformity: what is the state of practice among academic foot and ankle surgeons in 2002? Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(9):701-705. DOI: 10.1177/107110070302400909.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Hill K., Saar W., Lee T., Berlet G.C. Stage II flatfoot: what fails and why. Foot Ankle Clin. 2003;8(1):91-104. DOI:10.1016/S1083-7515(03)00008-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Hintermann B., Valderrabano V., Kundert H.-P. Lengthening of the lateral column and Reconstruction of the medial soft tissue for treatment of acquired flatfoot deformity associated with insufficiency of the posterior tibial tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20(10):622-629. DOI: 10.1177/107110079902001002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Holmes G.B., Mann R.A. Possible etiological factors associated with ruptures of the posterior tibial tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 1992;13(2):70-79. DOI: 10.1177/107110079201300204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Huang C.K., Kitaoka H.B., An K.N., Chao E.Y. Biomechanical evaluation of longitudinal arch stability. Foot Ankle Int. 1993;14(6):353-357. DOI: 10.1177/107110079301400609</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Jeng C.L., Vora A.M., Myerson M.S. The medial approach to triple arthrodesis. Indications and technique for management of rigid valgus deformities in high-risk patients. Foot Ankle Clin. 2005;10(3):515-521, vi-vii. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2005.04.004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Jeng C.L., Tankson C.J., Myerson M.S. The single medial approach to triple arthrodesis: a cadaver study. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(12):1122-1125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Jeng C.L., Bluman E.M., Myerson M.S. Minimally invasive deltoid ligament reconstruction for stage ІV flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(1):21-30. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2011.0021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Johnson K.A., Strom D.E. Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;(239):196-206.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39. Ketz J., Myerson M., Sanders R. The salvage of complex hindfoot problems with use of custom talar total ankle prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(13):1194-2000. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.K.00421.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40. Knupp M., Skoog A., Törnkvist H. Triple arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(3):293-297. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2008.0293.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41. Kou J.X., Balasubramaniam M., Kippe M., Fortin P.T. Functional results of posterior tibial tendon reconstruction, calcaneal osteotomy and gastrocnemius recession. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(7):602-611. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2012.0602.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42. Mani S.B., Deland J.T. Lateral column lengthening and how to achieve good correction. Tech Foot Ankle. 2014;13: 23-28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43. Mann R.A. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Treatment by flexor digitorum longus transfer. Foot Ankle Clin. 2001;6:77-87.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44. Mankey M.G. A Classification of severity with an analysis of causative problems related to the type of treatment. Foot Ankle Clin. 2003;8(3):461-471. DOI:10.1016/S1083-7515(03)00124-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45. Mayich D.J., Novak A., Vena D., Daniels T.R., Brodsky J.W. Gait analysis in orthopedic foot and ankle surgery — topical review, part І: principles and uses of gait analysis. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(1):80-90. DOI: 10.1177/1071100713508394.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46. Mccormick J.J., Johnson J.E. Medial column procedures in the correction of adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17:283-289. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2012.03.003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47. Mccormack A.P., Ching R.P., Sangeorzan B.J. Biomechanics of procedures used in adult flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin. 2001;6(1):15-23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>48. Mengiardi B., Pinto C., Zanetti M. Spring ligament complex and posterior tibial tendon: MR anatomy and findings in acquired adult flatfoot deformity. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2016;20(1):104-115. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1580616.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>49. Moiser S.M., Pomeroy G., Manoli A. 2nd. Pathoanatomy and etiology of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction. Clin Orthop.1999;(365):12-22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>50. Moseir-Laclair S., Pomeroy G., Manoli A. 2nd. Intermediate follow-up on the double osteotomy and tendon transfer procedure for stage ІІ posterior tibial tendon insufficiency. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22(4):283-291. DOI: 10.1177/107110070102200403.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>51. Myerson M.S., Solomon G., Sheriff M. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: its association with seronegative inflammatory disease. Foot Ankle Int. 1989;9(5):219-225. DOI: 10.1177/107110078900900503.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>52. Myerson M.S. Adult acquired flatfoot deformity treatment of dysfunction of the posterior tibialis tendon. Instr Course Lect. 1997;46:393-405.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>53. Myerson M.S. Adult acquired flat foot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin N Am. 2003;8:XIII-XIV.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>54. Myerson M.S., Badekas A., Schon L.C. Treatment of stage ІІ posterior tibial tendon deficiency with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(7):445-450. DOI: 10.1177/107110070402500701.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>55. Myerson M.S. Reconstructive foot and ankle surgery: management of complications. Elsevier; 2010. рp.191-232.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>56. Needleman R.L. A surgical approach for flexible flatfeet in adults including a subtalar arthroereisis with the MBA sinus tarsi implant. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(1):9-18. DOI: 10.1177/107110070602700103.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>57. Niki H., Hirano T., Okada H., Berru M. Outcome of medical displacement calcaneal osteotomy for correction of adultacquired flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(11):940-946. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2012.0940.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>58. O’connor K., Baumhauer J., Houck J.R. Patient factors in the selection of operative vs nonoperative treatment for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(3):197-202. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2010.0197.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>59. Oh I., Williams B.R., Ellis S.J., Kwon D.J., Deland J.T. Reconstruction of the symptomatic idiopathic flatfoot in adolescents and young adults. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(3): 225-232. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2011.0225.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>60. Omar H., Saini V., Wadhwa V., Liu G., Chabra A. Spring ligament complex: illustrated normal anatomy and spectrum of pathologies on 3T MR imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(11):2122-2143. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.09.023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>61. Pell R.F. 4th, Myerson M.S., Schon L.C. Clinical outcome after primary triple arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(1):47-57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>62. Pinney S.J., Sangeorzan B.S., Hansen S.T. Jr. Surgical anatomy of the gastrocnemius recession (Strayer procedure). Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(4):247-250. DOI: 10.1177/107110070402500409.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>63. Pinney S.J., Lin S.S. Current concept review: acquired adult flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(1):66-75. DOI: 10.1177/107110070602700113.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>64. Raikin S.M., Winters B.S., Daniel J.N. The RAM classification: a novel, systematic approach to the adultacquired flatfoot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(2):169-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2012.03.002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>65. Roche A.S., Calder J.D.F. Lateral column lengthening osteotomies. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(2):259-270. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2012.03.005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>66. Rosenfeld P.F., Budgen S.A., Saxby T.S. Triple arthrodesis: is bone grafting necessary? The results in 100 consecutive cases. J Bone Jt Surg Br. 2005;87(2):175-178. DOI:10.1302/0301-620X.87B2.15455.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>67. Röhm J., Zwicky L., Horn Lang T., Salentiny Y., Hintermann B., Knupp M. Mid to long-term outcome of 96 corrective hindfoot fusions in 84 patients with rigid flatfoot deformity. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B(5):668-674. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.97B5.35063.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>68. Saltzman G.L., El-Khoury G.Y. The hindfoot alignment view. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(9):572-576. DOI: 10.1177/107110079501600911.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>69. Saltzman G.L., Fehrle M.J., Cooper R.R., Spencer E.C., Ponsety I.V. Triple arthrodesis: twenty-five and fortyfour-year average follow-up of the same patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(10):1391-1402.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>70. Sammarco G.J., Hockenbury R.T. Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with flexor hallucis longus transfer and medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22(4):305-312. DOI: 10.1177/107110070102200406.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>71. Sammarco V.J., Magur E.G., Sammarco G.J., Bagwe M.R. Arthrodesis of the subtalar and talonavicular joints for correction of symptomatic hindfoot malalignment. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(9):661-666.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>72. Sangeorzan B., Mosca V., Hansen S.T. Jr. Effect of calcaneal lengthening on relationships among the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot. Foot Ankle Int. 1993;14(3):136-141. DOI: 10.1177/107110079301400305.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>73. Sarrafian S.R. Anatomy of the foot and ankle: descriptive, topographic, functional. Philadelphia : Lippincot; 1983. рр.159-282.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>74. Seybold J.D., Zide J.R., Myerson M.S. Hindfoot fusion in the flatfoot deformity: when and what techniques to use in late stage ІІ and stage ІІІ deformities. Tech Foot &amp; Ankle. 2014;13(1):29-38. DOI: 10.1097/BTF.0000000000000034.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>75. Shah N.S., Needleman R.L., Bokhari O., Buzas D. 2013 Subtalar arthroereisis survey. The current practice patterns of members of the AOFAS. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8(3): 180-185. DOI: 10.1177/1938640015578514.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>76. Silver R.L., Garza J., Rang M. The myth of muscle balance: a study of relative strengths and excursions of normal muscles about the foot and ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(3):432-437.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>77. Taniguchi A., Tanaka Y., Takakura Y., Kadono K., Maeda M., Yamamoto H. Anatomy of the spring ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(11):2174-2178.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>78. Taylor R., Sammarco V.J. Minimizing the role of fusion in the rigid flatfoot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(2):337-349. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2012.03.010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>79. Tellisi N., Lobo M., O’Malley M., Kennedy J.G., Elliot A.J., Deland J.T. Functional outcome after surgical reconstruction of posterior tibial tendon insufficiency in patients under 50 years. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(12):1179-1183. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2008.1179.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>80. Tennant J.N., Carmont M., Phisitcul P. Calcaneus osteotomy. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2014;7(4):271-276. DOI: 10.1007/s12178-014-9237-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>81. Thomas R.L., Wells B.C., Garrison R.L., Prada S.A. Preliminary results comparing two methods of lateral column lengthening. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22(2):107-119. DOI: 10.1177/107110070102200205.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>82. Thordarson D.B., Schmotzer H., Chon J., Peters J. Dynamic support of the human longitudinal arch. A biomechanical evaluation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;(316):165-172.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>83. Tien T., Parks B., Guyton G. Plantar pressures in the forefoot after lateral column lengthening: a cadaver study comparing the Evans osteotomy and calcaneocuboid fusion. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26(7):520-525. DOI: 10.1177/107110070502600704.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>84. Trnka H.-J., Easley M.E., Myerson M.S. The role of calcaneal osteotomies for correction of adult flatfoot. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;(365):50-64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>85. Trnka H.-J. Dysfunction of the tendon of tibialis posterior. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86(7):939-46. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.86B7.15084.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>86. Valderrabano V., Hintermann B., Wischer T., Fuhr P., Dick W. Recovery of the posterior tibial muscle after late reconstruction following tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(2):85-95. DOI: 10.1177/107110070402500209.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>87. Van Boerum D.H., Sangeorzan B.J. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2003;8(3): 419-430. DOI:10.1016/S1083-7515(03)00084-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>88. Vora A.M., Tien T.R., Parks B.G., Schon L.C. Correction of moderate and severe acquired flexible flatfoot with medializing calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(8):1726-1734. DOI:10.2106/JBJS.E.00045.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>89. Vosseller J.T., Ellis S.J., O’malley M.J., Elliott A.J., Levine D.S., Deland J.T., Roberts M.M. Autograft and allograft unite similarly in lateral column lengthening for adult acquired flatfoot deformity. HSS J. 2013;9(1):6-11. DOI:10.1007/s11420-012-9317-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>90. Vulcano E., Deland J.T., Ellis S.J. Approach and treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2013;6(4):294-303. DOI:10.1007/s12178-013-9173-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>91. Watson T. The adult acquired flatfoot deformity: a treatment algorithm. Tech Foot Ankle. 2012;11(3):102-111. DOI: 10.1097/BTF.0b013e3182507a1c.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>92. Weinraub G.M., Heilala M.A. Adult flatfoot/posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: outcomes analysis of surgical treatment utilizing an algorithmic approach. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2000;39(6):359-364.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>93. Williams B.R., Ellis S.J., Deyer T.W., Pavlov H., Deland J.T. Reconstruction of the spring ligament using a peroneus longus autograft tendon transfer. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(7):567-577. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2010.0567.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>94. Younger A.S., Sawatzky B., Dryden P. Radiographic assessment of adult flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26(10): 820-825. DOI: 10.1177/107110070502601006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>95. Zaret D.I., Myerson M.S. Arthroereisis of the subtalar joint. Foot Ankle Clin. 2003;8(3):605-617.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>DOI: 10.1016/S1083-7515(03)00041-X.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>96. Zhu Y., Xu X.-Y. Treatment of stage ІІ adult acquired flatfoot deformity with subtalar arthroereisis. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8(3):194-202. DOI: 10.1177/1938640014548320.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
