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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17895</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17895</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Full arthroscopic latissimus dorsi and teres major tendons transfer for massive and irreparable rotator cuff defects: mid-term outcomes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Среднесрочные результаты полностью артроскопической транспозиции сухожилий большой круглой и широчайшей мышц спины при массивных трудновосстановимых дефектах манжеты ротаторов плеча</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9152-7024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6552-1486</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladkov</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладков</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>dr.gladkov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-5541</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4663-1741</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dulaev</surname><given-names>Aleksander K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дулаев</surname><given-names>Александр Кайсинович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>akdulaev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1119-4313</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7109-9156</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hajrutdinov</surname><given-names>Alexandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайрутдинов</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sanchous39rus@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2233-9504</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9649-0729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevchuk</surname><given-names>Igor O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевчук</surname><given-names>Игорь Олегович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>igorb001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-08-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-22"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-11"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17895">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17895</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.<italic> </italic></bold>Treatment of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears remains a challenging clinical problem. Recent advances in arthroscopic techniques have improved functional outcomes and broadened the indications for musculotendinous transfers, which are no longer limited to cases with loss of active shoulder rotation.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study</bold> — to evaluate the mid-term clinical and functional outcomes of full arthroscopic transfer of the teres major and latissimus dorsi tendons using axillary portals in patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears.</p> <p><bold>Methods<italic>.</italic></bold> This retrospective observational cohort study included 67 patients who underwent arthroscopic transfer of the teres major and latissimus dorsi tendons. Functional status was assessed using the Constant Shoulder Score (CSS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), along with range of motion, scapular rhythm, and patient satisfaction with the treatment outcome. Radiography was performed in all patients to evaluate the acromiohumeral interval (AHI) and osteoarthritis stage, while MRI of the shoulder was used to determine the stage of arthropathy, the degree of muscle atrophy, and fatty infiltration.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Of the patients, 79.1% were satisfied with the treatment outcome. No infectious or neurovascular complications were observed. The mean CSS score increased from 32.3 to 63.1 (p &lt; 0.001), and the mean ASES score from 26.4 to 69.2, reaching the minimal clinically important difference in all cases. Pain intensity on the VAS decreased from 8.7 to 2.1 (p &lt; 0.001). Pseudoparesis resolved in 23 of 29 (79.3%) patients, including 12 patients with preoperative loss of active external rotation of the shoulder. Symmetrical scapular rhythm was restored in 46 (68.7%) patients. A weak inverse correlation was found between the AHI, preoperative active flexion deficit, body mass index, and postoperative CSS scores. The mean postoperative CSS score was significantly lower in patients with preoperative pseudoparesis (p = 0.012). In overweight patients with a body mass index greater than 35, the CSS score was also significantly lower (p = 0.031). Factors associated with a higher risk of dissatisfaction included age over 65 years, a body mass index greater than 35, an AHI less than 6 mm, and shoulder arthropathy greater than stage II.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion<italic>.</italic></bold> Full arthroscopic transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles is effective in the treatment of patients with massive and irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff defects. This procedure demonstrates clinical and functional outcomes equivalent to those of arthroscopically assisted transfer, but is associated with a lower risk of infectious complications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Лечение пациентов с массивными трудновосстановимыми дефектами манжеты ротаторов плеча является сложной и до настоящего времени не решенной проблемой. Совершенствование артроскопической техники улучшает функциональные исходы и расширяет показания к применению мышечно-сухожильных транспозиций, которые не ограничиваются случаями утраты активной ротации плеча.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — изучить среднесрочные клинико-функциональные результаты лечения пациентов с трудновосстановимыми повреждениями манжеты ротаторов плеча, которым была выполнена полностью артроскопическая транспозиция большой круглой и широчайшей мышц спины с использованием подмышечных портов.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Проведено наблюдательное когортное ретроспективное исследование результатов лечения 67 пациентов, которым выполнили артроскопическую транспозицию большой круглой и широчайшей мышц спины. Исследовали функциональное состояние по шкалам CSS (CSS Shoulder Score), ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons) и ВАШ, амплитуду движений и лопаточный ритм, а также удовлетворенность пациентов результатом лечения. Для оценки акромиально-плечевого интервала (АПИ) и стадии остеоартроза всем пациентам была выполнена рентгенография, а для определения стадии артропатии, степени мышечной атрофии и жировой инфильтрации — МРТ плечевого сустава.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Результатом лечения были удовлетворены 79,1% пациентов. Инфекционных и нейроваскулярных осложнений не было. Средний показатель шкалы CSS увеличился с 32,3 до 63,1 (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001), а шкалы ASES — c 26,4 до 69,2, достигнув минимального клинически значимого различия во всех наблюдениях. Интенсивность болевого синдрома по ВАШ снизилась с 8,7 до 2,1 (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001). У 23 из 29 (79,3%) пациентов разрешился псевдопарез, включая 12 пациентов с утратой активой наружной ротации плеча. Восстановление симметричного лопаточного ритма произошло у 46 (68,7%) пациентов. Была обнаружена обратная слабая корреляционная связь между величиной АПИ, дефицитом активного сгибания конечности перед операцией, а также ИМТ пациента и послеоперационными показателями шкалы CSS. Среднее послеоперационное значение CSS у пациентов с наличием перед операцией псевдопареза было значимо меньше (<italic>p</italic> = 0,012). При избыточной массе тела пациентов с ИМТ более 35 показатель CSS также был значимо меньше (<italic>p</italic> = 0,031). Шанс неудовлетворенности результатом лечения был выше у пациентов старше 65 лет с ИМТ более 35, АПИ менее 6 мм или артропатией плечевого сустава более II ст.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полностью артроскопическая транспозиция широчайшей и большой круглой мышц спины эффективна при лечении пациентов с массивными трудновосстановимыми задне-верхними дефектами манжеты ротаторов. По клинико-функциональным исходам техника не уступает артроскопически-ассистированному трансферу, но отличается меньшим риском инфекционных осложнений.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rotator cuff massive tear</kwd><kwd>latissimus dorsi transfer</kwd><kwd>shoulder arthroscopy</kwd><kwd>muscle atrophy</kwd><kwd>fatty infiltration</kwd><kwd>arthropathy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>массивный разрыв манжеты ротаторов</kwd><kwd>трансфер широчайшей мышцы спины</kwd><kwd>артроскопия плечевого сустава</kwd><kwd>мышечная атрофия</kwd><kwd>жировая инфильтрация</kwd><kwd>артропатия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kany J., Grimberg J., Amaravathi R.S., Sekaran P., Scorpie D., Werthel J.D. 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