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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17888</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17888</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование искусственного интеллекта в диагностике патологий опорно-двигательного аппарата:систематический обзор и мета-анализ</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3002-1067</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57196352878</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1670-3730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yafarova</surname><given-names>Adel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яфарова</surname><given-names>Адель Айратовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Expert, Department of Project Evaluation and Support, Cand. Sci. (Med.);</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эксперт Отдела оценки и сопровождения проектов, канд.мед.наук</p></bio><email>adyafarowa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3636-2889</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2274-6428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Erizhokov</surname><given-names>Rustam A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерижоков</surname><given-names>Рустам Арсеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>
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</p><p>Head of Standardization and Quality Assurance Department</p>
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</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Руководитель Отдела стандартизации и контроля качества</p></bio><email>ErizhokovRA@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1694-4682</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7801330975</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6193-1656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petraikin</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петряйкин</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine); Principal Researcher, Department of Standardization and Quality Assurance Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук; главный научный сотрудник Отдела стандартизации и контроля качества</p></bio><email>alexeypetriakin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2681-9378</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57209687130</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3306-1387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blokhin</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блохин</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Lead Researcher, Research Sector, Department of Scientific Medical Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник Сектора научных исследований Отдела научных медицинских исследований</p></bio><email>BlokhinIA@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-0254</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36554815900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8592-0558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетников</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics); Head of the Department of Scientific Medical Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук; руководитель Отдела научных медицинских исследований</p></bio><email>ReshetnikovRV1@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9862-8205</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9122-6826</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionova</surname><given-names>Larisa G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионова</surname><given-names>Лариса Григорьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">
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</p><p>Head of the Department for Support of AI Technology Implementation Projects</p>




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<p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Начальник Отдела сопровождения проектов по внедрению технологий искусственного интеллекта</p></bio><email>RodionovaLG@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8870-7649</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57089162800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7463-4645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Varyukhina</surname><given-names>Maria D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варюхина</surname><given-names>Мария Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.); Lead Researcher, Head of the Sector for Medical Digital Solutions of the Standardization and Quality Assurance Department.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд.мед. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник; руководитель Сектора разработки цифровых решений для медицины Отдела стандартизации и контроля качества</p></bio><email>VaryukhinaMD@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-4431</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57443458100</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8948-6152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Omelyanskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омелянская</surname><given-names>Ольга Васильевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Innovation Officer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заместитель директора по перспективному развитию</p></bio><email>OmelyanskayaOV@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7736</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">8944262100</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3602-7120</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladzymyrskyy</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владзимирский</surname><given-names>Антон Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine); Deputy Director of R&amp;D; Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заместитель директора по научной работе; доцент</p></bio><email>VladzimirskiyAV@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5283-5961</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57216631624</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4458-5608</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilev</surname><given-names>Yuriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>Юрий Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Officer of Radiology at the Moscow Health Care Department; MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine); Associate Professor; Medical Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>


Главный внештатный специалист по лучевой и инструментальной диагностике Департамента здравоохранения Москвы, д.м.н., доцент, главный врач


</p></bio><email>npcmr@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Budget-Funded Health Care Institution of the City of Moscow «Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of Moscow Health Care Department»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы «Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Budget-Funded Health Care Institution of the City of Moscow «Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of Moscow Health Care Department»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы «Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения  города Москвы»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «MIREA – Russian Technological University»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «МИРЭА - Российский технологический университет».</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Budget-Funded Health Care Institution of the City of Moscow «Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of Moscow Health Care Department»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы «Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения  города Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-08-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17888">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17888</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective.</bold> To perform a systematic review with a meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of technologies based on artificial intelligence in musculoskeletal disorders, including both peer-reviewed publications and grey literature sources, with an assessment of methodological quality. <bold>Methods.</bold> A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and eLibrary databases, along with an analysis of grey literature sources for the period from 2023 to 2025. The review included peer-reviewed studies and grey literature sources with external validation and quantitative measures of diagnostic accuracy. The quality of included sources was assessed using the modified QUADAS-CAD tool. Meta-analysis for individual conditions was performed using a bivariate random-effects model in MetaDTA. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. <bold>Results.</bold> A total of 42 sources were included in the systematic review: 24 peer-reviewed publications and 18 grey literature sources, including 13 services from the Moscow Experiment. Seventeen sources were included in the meta-analysis, of which 8 were peer-reviewed publications and 9 were grey literature sources. Meta-analysis was feasible for five conditions: knee osteoarthritis, active sacroiliitis, osteoporosis, vertebral compression fractures, and scoliosis. Among peer-reviewed studies, the overall risk of bias was low in 25.0% of cases, high in 20.8%, and some concerns were identified in 54.2%. For all grey literature sources, the overall risk of bias was assessed as some concerns. The inclusion of grey literature made it possible to perform meta-analysis for certain conditions, but was associated with lower certainty of evidence: low for osteoporosis and vertebral compression fractures, and very low for active sacroiliitis, knee osteoarthritis, and scoliosis.<bold>Conclusion.</bold> The diagnostic accuracy of technologies based on artificial intelligence in musculoskeletal disorders appears promising; however, the results should be interpreted with caution. A key strength of this review is the inclusion of Russian services, which constituted the majority of grey literature sources.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель.</bold> Провести систематический обзор с мета-анализом диагностической точности технологий на основе искусственного интеллекта при патологиях опорно-двигательного аппарата с включением данных рецензируемых публикаций и источников «серой» литературы и оценкой качества методологии исследований. <bold>Методы.</bold> Выполнен систематический поиск в базах PubMed и eLibrary, а также анализ источников «серой» литературы за период 2023-2025 гг. В систематический обзор включали рецензируемые исследования и материалы «серой» литературы с внешней валидацией и количественными показателями диагностической точности. Качество включённых источников оценивали с использованием опросника QUADAS-CAD. Мета-анализ для отдельных нозологий проводили с применением бивариантной модели со случайными эффектами в MetaDTA. Достоверность доказательств оценивали по GRADE. <bold>Результаты. </bold>В систематический обзор были включены 42 источника: 24 рецензируемые публикации и 18 источников «серой» литературы, включая 13 сервисов Московского эксперимента. В мета-анализ вошли 17 источников, из них 8 рецензируемых публикаций и 9 источников «серой» литературы. Мета-анализ удалось выполнить для 5 нозологий: гонартроза, активного сакроилеита, остеопороза, компрессионных переломов позвонков и сколиоза. Для рецензируемых исследований общий риск систематической ошибки был низким в 25,0% случаев, высоким - в 20,8%, «некоторые сомнения» отмечены в 54,2%. Для всех источников «серой» литературы общий риск систематической ошибки был оценён как «некоторые сомнения». Включение источников «серой» литературы позволило выполнить мета-анализ для отдельных нозологий, однако сопровождалось снижением достоверности итоговых оценок по GRADE: для остеопороза и компрессионных переломов позвонков она была низкой, а для активного сакроилеита, гонартроза и сколиоза - очень низкой.<bold>Выводы.</bold> Показатели диагностической точности технологий на основе искусственного интеллекта при патологиях опорно-двигательного аппарата в целом выглядят обнадеживающими, однако их следует интерпретировать с осторожностью. Важным преимуществом настоящего обзора стало включение российских сервисов, поскольку именно отечественные разработки сформировали большую часть источников «серой» литературы. </p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>musculoskeletal disorders</kwd><kwd>diagnostic accuracy</kwd><kwd>systematic review</kwd><kwd>meta-analysis</kwd><kwd>grey literature</kwd><kwd>medical imaging.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>патологии опорно-двигательного аппарата</kwd><kwd>диагностическая точность</kwd><kwd>систематический обзор</kwd><kwd>мета-анализ</kwd><kwd>«серая» литература</kwd><kwd>медицинская визуализация.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article was prepared by the author team within the framework of the R&amp;D project “Development of tools for automated diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries based on interdisciplinary approaches.”</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная статья подготовлена авторским коллективом в рамках НИОКР «Создание инструментов автоматизированной диагностики патологий и повреждений опорно-двигательной системы на основе междисциплинарных подходов».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cieza A, Causey K, Kamenov K, Hanson SW, Chatterji S, Vos T. 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