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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17888</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17888</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование искусственного интеллекта в диагностике патологий опорно-двигательного аппарата: систематический обзор и метаанализ</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3002-1067</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1670-3730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yafarova</surname><given-names>Adel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яфарова</surname><given-names>Адель Айратовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>adyafarowa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3636-2889</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2274-6428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Erizhokov</surname><given-names>Rustam A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерижоков</surname><given-names>Рустам Арсеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ErizhokovRA@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1694-4682</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6193-1656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petraikin</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петряйкин</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>alexeypetriakin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2681-9378</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3306-1387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blokhin</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блохин</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>BlokhinIA@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-0254</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8592-0558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетников</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><email>ReshetnikovRV1@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9862-8205</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9122-6826</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionova</surname><given-names>Larisa G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионова</surname><given-names>Лариса Григорьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>RodionovaLG@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8870-7649</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7463-4645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Varyukhina</surname><given-names>Maria D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варюхина</surname><given-names>Мария Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>VaryukhinaMD@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-4431</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8948-6152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Omelyanskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омелянская</surname><given-names>Ольга Васильевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>OmelyanskayaOV@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7736</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3602-7120</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladzymyrskyy</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владзимирский</surname><given-names>Антон Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>VladzimirskiyAV@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5283-5961</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4458-5608</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilev</surname><given-names>Yuriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>Юрий Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>npcmr@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий ДЗМ»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MIREA — Russian Technological University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «МИРЭА — Российский технологический университет»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий ДЗМ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-08-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>155</fpage><lpage>170</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17888">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17888</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.<italic> </italic></bold>Artificial intelligence-based technologies are being increasingly used in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders, particularly for automated detection of pathological findings, quantitative assessment of imaging features, and decision support in the interpretation of radiological examinations.</p> <p><bold>The aim<italic> </italic></bold>—<bold><italic> </italic></bold>to perform a systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-based technologies for musculoskeletal disorders, including both peer-reviewed publications and grey literature sources, with methodological quality assessment and meta-analysis for conditions with at least 3 comparable independent sources.</p> <p><bold>Methods.<italic> </italic></bold>A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and eLibrary databases, along with an analysis of grey literature sources for the period from 2023 to 2025. The review included peer-reviewed studies and grey literature sources with external validation and quantitative measures of diagnostic accuracy. The quality of included sources was assessed using the modified QUADAS-CAD tool. Meta-analysis for individual conditions was performed using a bivariate random-effects model in the interactive web-based tool for meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies, and in cases of model instability due to a small number of studies, a Bayesian meta-analysis tool for diagnostic test accuracy was applied to obtain pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.</p> <p><bold>Results<italic>. </italic></bold>A total of 42 sources were included in the systematic review: 24 peer-reviewed publications and 18 grey literature sources, including 13 services from the Moscow Experiment. Seventeen sources were included in the meta-analysis, of which 8 were peer-reviewed publications and 9 were grey literature sources. Meta-analysis was feasible for five conditions: knee osteoarthritis, active sacroiliitis, osteoporosis, vertebral compression fractures, and scoliosis. The inclusion of grey literature made it possible to perform meta-analysis for certain conditions, but was associated with lower certainty of evidence: low for osteoporosis and vertebral compression fractures, and very low for active sacroiliitis, knee osteoarthritis, and scoliosis.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion<italic>. </italic></bold>The findings suggest potential diagnostic value of AI-based technologies for selected musculoskeletal conditions; however, low and very low certainty of evidence according to GRADE limits the robustness and generalizability of the pooled estimates. A key strength of this review is the inclusion of Russian services, which constituted the majority of grey literature sources.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.<italic> </italic></bold>В диагностике патологий опорно-двигательного аппарата все шире применяются технологии на основе искусственного интеллекта, прежде всего — для автоматического выявления патологических изменений, количественной оценки признаков и поддержки интерпретации лучевых исследований.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>— провести систематический обзор публикаций, посвященных диагностической точности технологий на основе искусственного интеллекта при патологиях опорно-двигательного аппарата с включением данных рецензируемых публикаций и источников серой литературы, оценкой методологического качества и выполнением метаанализа по нозологиям, для которых доступны не менее трех сопоставимых независимых источников.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы<italic>.</italic></bold> Выполнен систематический поиск в базах PubMed и eLIBRARY, а также анализ источников серой литературы за период 2023–2025 гг. В систематический обзор включали рецензируемые исследования и источники серой литературы с внешней валидацией и количественными показателями диагностической точности. Качество включенных источников оценивали с использованием опросника QUADAS-CAD. Метаанализ для отдельных нозологий проводили с применением бивариантной модели со случайными эффектами в MetaDTA. Достоверность доказательств оценивали по GRADE.</p> <p><bold>Результаты<italic>.</italic></bold> В систематический обзор были включены 42 источника: 24 рецензируемые публикации и 18 источников серой литературы, включая 13 сервисов Московского эксперимента. В метаанализ вошли 17 источников, из них 8 рецензируемых публикаций и 9 источников серой литературы. Метаанализ удалось выполнить для 5 нозологий: гонартроза, активного сакроилеита, остеопороза, компрессионных переломов позвонков и сколиоза. Включение источников серой литературы позволило выполнить метаанализ для отдельных нозологий, однако сопровождалось снижением достоверности итоговых оценок по GRADE: для остеопороза и компрессионных переломов позвонков она была низкой, а для активного сакроилеита, гонартроза и сколиоза — очень низкой.</p> <p><bold>Заключение<italic>. </italic></bold>Полученные данные свидетельствуют о потенциальной диагностической ценности технологий на основе искусственного интеллекта при отдельных патологиях опорно-двигательного апарата, однако низкая и очень низкая достоверность доказательств по GRADE ограничивает устойчивость и обобщаемость итоговых оценок. Важным преимуществом настоящего обзора стало включение российских сервисов, поскольку именно отечественные разработки сформировали большую часть источников серой литературы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>musculoskeletal disorders</kwd><kwd>diagnostic accuracy</kwd><kwd>grey literature</kwd><kwd>medical imaging</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>патология опорно-двигательного аппарата</kwd><kwd>диагностическая точность</kwd><kwd>серая литература</kwd><kwd>медицинская визуализация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Health Care Department</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>ЕГИСУ 126082024228-9</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This paper was prepared by a group of authors as a part of the research and development effort titled “Improving the accuracy of diagnostic imaging methods for spinal diseases” (USIS No. 126082024228-9) in accordance with the Order No. 1213 dated November 27, 2025 “On approval of state assignments funded by means of allocations from the budget of the city of Moscow to the state budgetary (autonomous) institutions subordinate to the Moscow Health Care Department, for 2026 and the planned period of 2027 and 2028” issued by the Moscow Health Care Department.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная статья подготовлена авторским коллективом в рамках НИР «Повышение точности методов лучевой диагностики заболеваний позвоночника» (№ ЕГИСУ 126082024228-9) в соответствии с приказом от 27.11.2025 № 1213 «Об утверждении государственных заданий, финансовое обеспечение которых осуществляется за счет средств бюджета города Москвы, государственным бюджетным (автономным) учреждениям, подведомственным Департаменту здравоохранения города Москвы, на 2026 год и плановый период 2027 и 2028 годов» Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cieza A., Causey K., Kamenov K., Hanson S.W., Chatterji S., Vos T. 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