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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17813</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17813</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Efficacy of intra-articular 3% polyacrylamide hydrogel in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: findings from the 24-month follow-up</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка эффективности внутрисуставного введения 3% полиакриламидного геля при остеоартрите коленного сустава: результаты 24-месячного наблюдения</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3456-9409</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4528-7378</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Noskov</surname><given-names>Sergey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Носков</surname><given-names>Сергей Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>noskov03@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-2748</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8287-8266</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Владимир Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>clinpharmcb6@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9703-0537</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shunkov</surname><given-names>Victor B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуньков</surname><given-names>Виктор Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>shunkov.victor@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-4085</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3765-2925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorokhova</surname><given-names>Victoria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горохова</surname><given-names>Виктория Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vagorokhova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7547-5644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leper</surname><given-names>Ekaterina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепер</surname><given-names>Екатерина Игоревна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>eleper@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Yaroslavl State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Ярославский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Hospital No 3, Yaroslavl</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ ЯО «Клиническая больница № 3», г. Ярославль</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.A. Semashko Clinical Hospital RZD-Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ЧУЗ «Клиническая больница „РЖД-Медицина“ им. Н.А. Семашко»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Biotechnological University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российский биотехнологический университет (РОСБИОТЕХ)»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Clinical Hospital RZD-Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ЧУЗ «Клиническая больница „РЖД-Медицина“ г. Санкт-Петербурга»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Hospital No 3, Yaroslavl</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ ЯО «Клиническая больница № 3», г. Ярославль</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center Bioform LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «НЦ „Биоформ“»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-18"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-26"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17813">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17813</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.<italic> </italic></bold>Osteoarthritis (OA) is among the most common chronic diseases and leading causes of disability globally. It places a significant burden on healthcare systems and adversely effects patients’ quality of life. The short-term efficacy of most therapies has driven the search for new treatment approaches in OA.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study<italic> </italic></bold>— to evaluate the duration of response to intra-articular injections of 3% polyacrylamide hydrogel in patients with knee osteoarthritis, factors influencing response duration, and the efficacy and safety of repeated treatment.</p> <p><bold>Methods.<italic> </italic></bold>In a 6-month placebo-controlled randomized trial, patients with Kellgren-Lawrence (1957) grades II-III knee OA were randomly assigned to receive either intra-articular injections of 8.0 ml polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) or placebo. Subjects from the PAAG group could roll over to the open-label extension (OLE) and if clinically indicated received the second course of PAAG. A survey of OLE participants was conducted at 24 months post-treatment. The efficacy of PAAG was assessed by the WOMAC index, a pain VAS, subjective evaluations of treatment outcomes by both the patient and the researcher, as well as by the daily requirement for paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs) monitoring.</p> <p><bold>Results.<italic> </italic></bold>At month 6, PAAG was superior to placebo in reducing the WOMAC-T score (-604.44 versus -450.61, p = 0.011). Within 6-9 months of initial treatment, 26% of patients who had significantly higher baseline WOMAC scores and body weight required a repeat course of PAAG. In these patients, the mean reduction in WOMAC-T from baseline to month 12 was -361.33 and -795.64, respectively, compared to -688.53 with one course of PAAG (p = 0.107). At the end of the 24-month follow-up, the mean WOMAC-T reduction reached 714.13 versus -716.65 in the single-course group compared to two-course group. The majority of AEs were mild, and there were no serious AEs reported.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.<italic> </italic></bold>Polyacrylamide hydrogel has demonstrated a favorable safety profile and sustained symptomatic benefit over 2 years. In patients with risk factors for disease progression a repeated course is recommended.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.<italic> </italic></bold>Остеоартрит (ОА), одно из наиболее распространенных хронических заболеваний и ведущая причина инвалидности, создает значительную нагрузку на общественное здравоохранение и снижает качество жизни пациентов. Непродолжительность эффекта большинства препаратов заставляет искать новые подходы к лечению ОА.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— оценить длительность ответа на внутрисуставные инъекции полиакриламидного геля у пациентов с остеоартритом коленного сустава; факторы, влияющие на длительность ответа; а также эффективность и безопасность повторного курса лечения.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.<italic> </italic></bold>Пациенты с ОА коленного сустава II–III стадии по классификации Kellgren – Lawrence (1957) получали внутрисуставные инъекции полиакриламидного геля (ПААГ) 8,0 мл или плацебо в 6-месячном рандомизированном контролируемом исследовании. Пациенты из группы ПААГ переходили в 6-месячное открытое продолжение исследования (ОПИ) и при наличии показаний получали повторный курс ПААГ. Через 24 мес. проводили опрос участников ОПИ. Эффективность ПААГ оценивали по индексам WOMAC, ВАШ боли, субъективной оценке результатов лечения пациентом и исследователем, а также по суточной потребности в парацетамоле и нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратах. Для оценки безопасности собирали данные о нежелательных явлениях (НЯ).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.<italic> </italic></bold>Через 6 мес. ПААГ значимо превосходил плацебо в отношении снижения WOMAC-T (-604,44 по сравнению с -450,61, <italic>р</italic> = 0,011). Через 6 и 9 мес. повторный курс ПААГ потребовался 26,00% пациентов со значимо более высокими исходными индексами WOMAC и массой тела. Через 12 мес. снижение WOMAC-T в этой группе составляло -361,33 и -795,64 соответственно по сравнению с -688,53 в группе одного курса ПААГ (<italic>р</italic> = 0,107). В конце 24-месячного периода наблюдения снижение WOMAC-T у пациентов, получивших 2 курса ПААГ, достигало -714,13 по сравнению с -716,65. Зарегистрированные НЯ были легкой степени, серьезные НЯ отсутствовали.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полиакриламидный гель обладает хорошим профилем безопасности и выраженным симптоматическим эффектом, длительность которого может превышать 2 года. При наличии факторов риска прогрессирования остеоартрита целесообразно проводить повторный курс лечения.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteoarthritis</kwd><kwd>polyacrylamide hydrogel</kwd><kwd>intra-articular injections</kwd><kwd>WOMAC</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеоартрит</kwd><kwd>полиакриламидный гель</kwd><kwd>внутрисуставные инъекции</kwd><kwd>WOMAC</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center BIOFORM LLC</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Научный центр „БИОФОРМ“»</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was sponsored by Research Center BIOFORM LLC but the company was not involved neither in analysis of the study results nor in manuscript preparation.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проводилось при спонсорской поддержке компании ООО «Научный центр „БИОФОРМ“», что не повлияло на его результаты и собственное мнение авторов.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>GBD 2021 Osteoarthritis Collaborators. 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