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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17811</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17811</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative effectiveness of the Masquelet technique, the Ilizarov method, and vascularized bone flaps in the reconstruction of extensive long-bone defects of the limbs: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнение эффективности методик Masquelet, костного транспорта по Илизарову и кровоснабжаемых лоскутов при замещении обширных дефектов длинных костей конечностей: систематический обзор и метаанализ</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-1899</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2799-2563</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>Alexandr I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>Александр Игоревич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>spaceship1961@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-2113</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3911-4108</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федорова</surname><given-names>Юлия Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>julsigareva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-2913</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6053-2075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malashicheva</surname><given-names>Anna B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малашичева</surname><given-names>Анна Борисовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>malashicheva@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-3368</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8040-6969</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serdiukova</surname><given-names>Daria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сердюкова</surname><given-names>Дарья Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dasha_perepletch@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-009X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9896-3742</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Docshin</surname><given-names>Pavel M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Докшин</surname><given-names>Павел Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pdocshin@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-2424</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3086-3694</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhkova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божкова</surname><given-names>Светлана Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>clinpharm-rniito@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт цитологии Российской академии наук»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>170</fpage><lpage>185</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-22"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-26"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17811">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17811</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>The aim of this meta-analysis<italic> </italic></bold>— to compare clinical outcomes and complications of the reconstruction of extensive long-bone defects of the limbs of various etiologies in patients older than 18 years using the Masquelet technique, the Ilizarov bone transport, and reconstructive procedures with vascularized bone flaps.</p> <p><bold>Methods.</bold> Publications were searched in the eLIBRARY, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar databases for the period 2015–2025. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies addressing the reconstruction of extensive bone defects of the limbs using different techniques (the Masquelet technique (MT), bone transport (BT), and free vascularized flaps (FVF), particulary the fibular graft) were included in the analysis.</p> <p><bold>Results.<italic> </italic></bold>Nine publications involving a total of 375 patients were included in the meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness and safety of the techniques. The majority of cases involved long bones of the lower limbs (n<italic> </italic>=<italic> </italic>332; 87%), most commonly the tibia (n<italic> </italic>=<italic> </italic>284; 74%), followed by the femur (n<italic> </italic>=<italic> </italic>48; 13%). Among upper limb injuries, extensive bone defects of the forearm were reported in 44 cases (12%) and of the humerus in 4 cases (1%). The overall duration of fixation did not differ significantly between MT and FVF groups, nor between MT and BT groups (p = 0.76 and p = 0.40, respectively). The proportion of patients achieving complete bone union without additional surgical interventions was significantly higher with BT compared to MT (86% vs. 61%, p<italic> </italic>=<italic> </italic>0.02). The analysis of surgical site infection (SSI) rates revealed the following patterns: the proportion of patients with superficial SSI was significantly lower with MT compared to BT (11% vs. 23%, p = 0.0004). Conversely, the incidence of deep SSI was significantly higher with MT compared to BT (15% vs. 8%, p<italic> </italic>=<italic> </italic>0.04). No statistically significant differences were found regarding nonunion rates or the conversion of surgical treatment to amputation. The proportion of patients with excellent or good outcomes according to the ASAMI score was 85% for MT and 71% for BT; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p<italic> </italic>=<italic> </italic>0.48).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.<italic> </italic></bold>The systematic literature review confirmed the effectiveness of all three methods: the Masquelet technique, the Ilizarov bone transport, and free vascularized flaps. The meta-analysis did not reveal a significant advantage of any single method in terms of fixation time or time to union; however, distinct safety profiles were identified and should be considered when selecting the surgical strategy. When choosing a technique for the reconstruction of large segmental bone defects, it is essential to take into account the defect location and length, soft tissue status, the presence and activity of infection, as well as individual patient characteristics, particularly treatment adherence and expectations regarding the quality of life.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель метаанализа<italic> </italic></bold>— сравнить клинические результаты и осложнения при замещении обширных дефектов длинных костей конечностей различной этиологии у пациентов старше 18 лет с помощью техники Masquelet, методики костного транспорта по Илизарову и реконструктивных вмешательств с применением свободных кровоснабжаемых костных лоскутов.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.<italic> </italic></bold>Поиск публикаций осуществлен в базах данных eLibrary, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar за период с 2015 по 2025 г. В анализ включены РКИ и когортные исследования, посвященные замещению обширных дефектов костей конечностей с помощью различных техник: Masquelet (ТМ), костного транспорта (МКТ) и свободных кровоснабжаемых лоскутов, в частности малоберцового кровоснабжаемого трансплантата.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.<italic> </italic></bold>Для метаанализа с целью оценки эффективности и безопасности методик было отобрано 9 публикаций, включавших данные о 375 пациентах. Преобладали описания повреждений длинных костей нижних конечностей (<italic>n</italic> = 332; 87%), наиболее часто – большеберцовой кости (<italic>n</italic> = 284; 74%), на втором месте по частоте – повреждения бедренной кости (<italic>n</italic> = 48; 13%). Среди повреждений верхних конечностей описаны обширные костные дефекты предплечья (<italic>n</italic> = 44; 12%), плечевой кости (<italic>n</italic> = 4; 1%). Общая продолжительность фиксации в группах пациентов после ТМ и СКЛ, а также ТМ и МКТ статистически значимо не различалась (<italic>p</italic> = 0,76 и <italic>р</italic> = 0,40 соответственно). Доля пациентов с полной консолидацией, достигнутой без дополнительных хирургических вмешательств, при применении МКТ в сравнении с ТМ была статистически значимо выше (86% против 61%, <italic>p</italic> = 0,02). При оценке частоты распространенности инфекций области хирургического вмешательства (ИОХВ) были выявлены следующие особенности: доля пациентов с поверхностной формой ИОХВ была ниже (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0004) для ТM в сравнении с МКТ (11% и 23% соответственно). И напротив, частота глубокой ИОХВ для ТМ оказалась выше (<italic>p</italic> = 0,04) в сравнении с КТ — 15% и 8% соответственно. Статистически значимые различия по частоте несращений и конверсии хирургического вмешательства в ампутацию выявлены не были. Доля пациентов, достигших отличных и хороших результатов по шкале ASAMI, составила 85% для ТМ и 71% для МКТ, различия не были статистически значимыми (<italic>p</italic> = 0,48).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.<italic> </italic></bold>Систематический обзор литературы подтвердил эффективность всех трех методов: техники Masquelet, костного транспорта по Илизарову и использования свободных кровоснабжаемых лоскутов. Метаанализ не выявил значимого преимущества ни одного из методов по срокам фиксации и консолидации, однако обнаружил характерные профили безопасности, которые должны учитываться при выборе тактики. При выборе метода замещения крупных сегментарных дефектов следует учитывать локализацию и протяженность дефекта, статус мягких тканей, активность инфекционного процесса, а также индивидуальные характеристики пациента, в частности его приверженность лечению и ожидания в отношении качества жизни.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Masquelet technique</kwd><kwd>induced membrane</kwd><kwd>bone transport</kwd><kwd>free vascularized bone flap</kwd><kwd>open fracture</kwd><kwd>nonunion</kwd><kwd>osteomyelitis</kwd><kwd>bone defect</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>техника Masquelet</kwd><kwd>индуцированная мембрана</kwd><kwd>костный транспорт</kwd><kwd>свободный кровоснабжаемый костный лоскут</kwd><kwd>открытый перелом</kwd><kwd>несращение</kwd><kwd>остеомиелит</kwd><kwd>дефект кости</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Habibovic P. 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