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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">178</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21823/2311-2905-2016-22-3-122-134</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">POSSIBILITIES OF CURRENT CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARTICULAR CARTILAGE REPAIR (ANALYTICAL REVIEW)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ КЛЕТОЧНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ДЛЯ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ПОВРЕЖДЕНОГО СУСТАВНОГО ХРЯЩА (АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhokin</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божокин</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bozhokin Mikhail S. - assistant researcher.</p><p>Ul. Akad. Baykova, 8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 195427, e-mail: writeback@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Божокин Михаил Сергеевич - лаборант-исследователь.</p><p>Ул. Ак. Байкова,  д. 8, Санкт-петербург, Россия, 195427, e-mail: writeback@mail.ru</p></bio><email>writeback@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhkova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божкова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bozhkova Svetlana A. - head of the research Department of prevention and treatment of wound infection and Department of clinical pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Божкова Светлана Анатольевна - кандидат медицинских наук руководитель научного направления профилактики и лечения раневой инфекции, заведующая отделением клинической фармакологии</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Netylko</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нетылько</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Netylko Georgy I. - head of the research Department of experimental morphology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нетылько Георгий Иванович - доктор медицинских наук заведующий экспериментально-морфологическим отделением</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии имени Р.Р. Вредена, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-10-15"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-10-15"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/178">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/178</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite a wide variety of surgical procedures utilized in clinical practice for treatment of articular cartilage lesions, the search for other options of articular reconstruction remains a relevant and open issue at the current stage of medicine and biotechnologies development. The recent years demonstrated a strong belief in cellular methods of hyaline cartilage repair such as implantation of autologous chondrocytes (ACI) or cultures of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) including techniques for genetic modification of cells.</p><p>The purpose of presented review is to summarize the published scientific data on up to date results of perspective cellular technologies for articular cartilage repair that are being developed. Autologous chondrocyte transplantation originally performed by Swedish researchers in 1987 is considered the first clinically applied technique for restoration of hyaline cartilage using cellular technologies. However, the transplanted cell culture featured low proliferative capacity and inability to form a regenerate resistant to high physical activity. Another generation of methods originated at the turn of the century utilized mesenchymal stem cells instead of autologous chondrocytes. Preparation of MSCs is a less invasive procedure compared to chondrocytes harvesting and the culture is featured by a higher proliferative ability. Researchers use various biodegradable carriers (matrices) to secure cell fixation. Despite good clinical mid-term outcomes the transplanted tissue-engineering structures deteriorate with time due to cellular de-differentiation. Next generation of techniques being currently under pre-clinical studies is featured by the preliminary chondrogenic modification of transplanted cell culture. Usage of various growth factors, modified cell product and gene-activated matrices allow to gain a stable regulatory and key proteins synthesis and achieve a focused influence on regenerate's chondrogenic proliferation and in result to form a good hyaline cartilage resistant to high physical load in long term period.</p><p>Thus, development of methods for articular cartilage repair has long ago went beyond the interests of clinical physicians, and only the close interdisciplinary cooperation of clinicians and specialists for cytology, molecular genetics and, probably, virology would enable replacement of a defect with a rigorous hyaline cartilage.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на внедрение в клиническую практику  широкого спектра хирургических методик лечения повреждений суставного  хряща,  на современном  этапе  развития медицины  и биотехнологий поиск  методов восстановления суставных  поверхностей  остается  очень актуальной и нерешённой  задачей. В последние  годы все больше надежд связывают  с разработкой клеточных  методов восстановления гиалинового хряща, таких как аутологичная имплантация хондроцитов,  имплантация клеточной культуры мезенхимальных стволовых клеток (МСК), в том числе с технологиями генной модификации клеток.  Целью настоящего  обзора было обобщение опубликованной в научной  литературе  информации о полученных  на современном  этапе результатах при разработке перспективных клеточных  технологий  восстановления суставного хряща.</p><p>Первой клинически применяемой методикой  для восстановления гиалинового хряща с использованием клеточных  технологий   считается   аутологичная трансплантация  хондроцитов,   впервые  осуществлённая группой шведских  учёных  в 1987 г. Однако  пересаженная культура  клеток  характеризуется низким  пролиферативным потенциалам и  неспособностью  сформировать устойчивый к  повышенным  физическим нагрузкам  регенерат. Следующее  поколение  методик,  появившееся на рубеже  веков, использует  вместо  аутологичных хондроцитов мезенхимальные стволовые  клетки,  заготовка  которых  является менее  инвазивной процедурой  по сравнению с получением хондроцитов,  а сама культура  обладает повышенным  пролиферативным потенциалом.  Для надёжной фиксации клеток  исследователи используют различные биодеградируемые носители  (матрицы). Несмотря на хорошие клинические результаты,  полученные  в среднесрочной перспективе,  с течением времени в результате клеточной де-дифференцировки имплантированная тканеинженерная конструкция деградирует. Следующим поколением методов, находящимся в стадии доклинических исследований, является предварительная хондрогенная модификация имплантированной клеточной  культуры. Использование различных факторов  роста, модифицированного клеточного  продукта  и  гено-активирующих матриц, позволяет  достичь стабильного  синтеза регуляторных и ключевых белков, точечно повлиять на пролиферацию регенерата в хондрогенном направлении и, как следствие, сформировать полноценный гиалиновый хрящ, устойчивый во времени к большим физическим нагрузкам.</p><p>Таким  образом, разработка  путей восстановления суставного  хряща давно вышла за рамки интересов  врачей клинических специальностей, и только тесное междисциплинарное взаимодействие клиницистов со специалистами в области клеточной  биологии, молекулярной генетики, и, возможно,  вирусологии позволит  восстановить на месте дефекта полноценный гиалиновый хрящ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cartilage regeneration</kwd><kwd>chondrocytes</kwd><kwd>MSC</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>регенерация суставного хряща</kwd><kwd>хондроциты</kwd><kwd>ММСК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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