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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17781</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17781</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative evaluation of the antibacterial activity of bone allografts impregnated with various antibiotics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительная оценка антибактериальной активности костных аллотрансплантатов, импрегнированных различными антибиотиками</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-7413</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9647-8565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Михайловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>emgordina@win.rniito.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-2424</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3086-3694</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhkova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божкова</surname><given-names>Светлана Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>clinpharm-rniito@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-5952</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8997-8235</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antipov</surname><given-names>Alexander P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антипов</surname><given-names>Александр Павлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a-p-antipov@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-11"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17781">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17781</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.<italic> </italic></bold>Radical surgical debridement is the most important condition for the successful treatment of patients with chronic osteomyelitis. However, since even the most meticulous debridement cannot guarantee complete eradication of the pathogen, local antibacterial therapy becomes of key importance. This underscores an urgent clinical need for the development of an osteoplastic biodegradable material with prolonged antimicrobial activity. One of the most promising options is a purified allogeneic bone-based material.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study<italic> </italic></bold>— to perform a comparative evaluation of the duration of the antibacterial activity of allografts impregnated with different antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p> <p><bold>Methods.<italic> </italic></bold>Purified and delipidized bone allografts measuring 5×5×5 mm were prepared according to the procedure developed by the authors. The bone blocks were impregnated with antibacterial agents with varying activity spectra: vancomycin, aztreonam, meropenem, and fosfomycin. The presence and duration of antibacterial activity of the obtained samples were determined against reference bacterial strains depending on the drug’s spectrum of activity by applying a 24-hour incubation solution containing the samples to the surface of a bacterial lawn. The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9.0.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Applied standard vacuum impregnation protocol ensured reproducible saturation of bone tissue with antibiotics. The greatest increase in mass was observed after impregnation with aztreonam, whereas the smallest increase was noted after impregnation with fosfomycin. Vancomycin-impregnated blocks were most active against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Meropenem-impregnated blocks were effective for 4 days against <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>. Impregnation with aztreonam provided antibacterial activity against <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> for up to 6 days. Fosfomycin-impregnated blocks were active against Gram-negative pathogens for 6 days.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.<italic> </italic></bold>The developed technique was shown to ensure the antibiotic loading of the bone substitute material and drug release over several days, with the most prolonged effect observed following impregnation with vancomycin and fosfomycin. Further optimization of osteoplastic materials processing methods is needed, as well as testing other potential antimicrobial agents in combination with antibiotics to overcome potential pathogen resistance.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.<italic> </italic></bold>Важнейшим условием успешного лечения пациентов с хроническим остеомиелитом является радикальная хирургическая обработка. Однако даже самая тщательная санация не может гарантировать полную эрадикацию возбудителя, поэтому ключевое значение приобретает локальная антибактериальная терапия, что определяет острую клиническую потребность в разработке остеопластического биодеградируемого материала с пролонгированной антимикробной активностью, и наиболее перспективным является использование материала на основе очищенной аллокости.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — провести сравнительную оценку продолжительности антибактериального действия аллотрансплантатов, импрегнированных различными антибиотиками, против грамположительных и грамотрицательных бактерий.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.<italic> </italic></bold>Очищенные и делипидизированные костные аллотрансплантаты размером 5×5×5 мм готовили по разработанной авторами методике. Импрегнацию костных блоков выполняли антибактериальными препаратами с различным спектром активности: ванкомицином, азтреонамом, меропенемом и фосфомицином. Наличие и длительность антибактериальной активности полученных образцов определяли в отношении эталонных штаммов бактерий в зависимости от спектра действия препарата путем нанесения суточного инкубационного раствора с образцами на поверхность бактериального газона. Данные анализировали в программе GraphPad Prism 9.0.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Примененный стандартный вакуумный протокол импрегнации обеспечил воспроизводимое насыщение костной ткани антибиотиками. Максимальное увеличение массы блоков регистрировали при импрегнации азтреонамом, минимальное — фосфомицином. Наиболее активными против метициллин-чувствительного и метициллин-резистентного <italic>S. aureus</italic> были образцы с ванкомицином. Блоки с меропенемом были эффективны в течение 4 сут. в отношении <italic>K. pneumoniae.</italic> Импрегнация азтреонамом обеспечила антибактериальное действие против <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> на протяжении 6 дней. Образцы с фосфомицином были активны против грамотрицательных патогенов, активность составила 6 сут.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.<italic> </italic></bold>Установлено, что разработанная методика обеспечивает насыщение остеозамещающего материала антибиотиками и высвобождение препаратов в течение нескольких дней, при этом наиболее пролонгированный эффект регистрировали при импрегнации ванкомицином и фосфомицином. В дальнейшем необходимо оптимизировать методы обработки остеозамещающего материала и оценить возможность импрегнации другими потенциально возможными антимикробными средствами в сочетании с антибиотиками для преодоления потенциальной резистентности патогенов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bone substitute material</kwd><kwd>аntibiotic prophylaxis</kwd><kwd>allografts</kwd><kwd>osteomyelitis</kwd><kwd>staphylococci</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеозамещающий материал</kwd><kwd>антибиотикопрофилактика</kwd><kwd>аллотрансплантаты</kwd><kwd>остеомиелит</kwd><kwd>стафилококки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России, г. 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