<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17763</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17763</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Beyond mechanism: comparable complication rates in high- and low-energy distal femoral fractures suggest complex risk interplay</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Только ли механизм травмы? Сопоставимая частота осложнений при высоко- и низкоэнергетических переломах дистального отдела бедренной кости как показатель сложной взаимосвязи факторов риска</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-8602</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balziano</surname><given-names>Snir</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бальзиано</surname><given-names>Снир</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IL">Israel</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>SBalaziano@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1548-7865</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ginesin</surname><given-names>Eyal</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джинезин</surname><given-names>Эяль</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IL">Israel</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>Eyalgin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rambam Health Care Campus</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Rambam Health Care Campus</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-06"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-21"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17763">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17763</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Distal femoral fractures traditionally present in two distinct populations: young males with high-energy trauma and elderly females with low-energy injuries. Despite inherent differences between these groups, direct outcome comparisons remain limited.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study</bold> — to compare complication rates between surgically treated high- and low-energy distal femoral fractures and to assess whether injury mechanism independently influences outcomes.</p> <p><bold>Methods. </bold>A retrospective review of surgically treated distal femoral fractures at a single center over a decade was conducted. Cases were categorized into high- and low-energy mechanisms. Patient demographics, comorbidities, fracture characteristics, fixation methods, and annual incidence were analyzed. Primary outcomes included nonunion, infection, and hardware failure.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>A total of 162 cases were analyzed, with an overall complication rate of 12.3%: nonunion (6.8%), infection (3.1%), and hardware failure (2.5%). Complication rates were comparable between high- and low-energy groups (p = 0.551).</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>Despite distinct demographic profiles and injury mechanisms, complication rates were similar between groups, suggesting a complex balance of risk factors. This finding challenges the assumption that injury mechanism predicts outcomes and emphasizes the importance of personalized perioperative care addressing patient-specific risk factors rather than injury mechanism alone.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность. </bold>Переломы дистального отдела бедренной кости (ДОБК), как правило, встречаются у молодых мужчин в результате высокоэнергетической травмы и у пожилых женщин при низкоэнергетической травме. Несмотря на существенные различия между этими группами населения, данных о сравнении исходов их лечения недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — сравнить частоту осложнений при хирургическом лечении высоко- и низкоэнергетических переломов дистального отдела бедренной кости и оценить, влияет ли механизм травмы на исход лечения независимо от других факторов.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>Был проведен одноцентровый ретроспективный анализ результатов хирургического лечения переломов ДОБК за десятилетний период. Все наблюдения были разделены на группы высоко- и низкоэнергетических травм. Анализировали демографические данные пациентов, сопутствующие заболевания, характеристики переломов, методы фиксации и ежегодную частоту случаев. Были выявлены следующие осложнения: несращение, инфекция и несостоятельность металлоконструкции.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Всего было проанализировано 162 случая. Общая частота осложнений составила 12,3%: несращение (6,8%), инфекция (3,1%) и несостоятельность металлоконструкции (2,5%). Частота осложнений была сопоставима в группах с высоко- и низкоэнергетическими травмами (р = 0,551).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Несмотря на различия в демографических характеристиках и механизмах травмы, частота осложнений в группах была схожей, что указывает на комплексное взаимодействие факторов риска. Полученный результат ставит под сомнение предположение о том, что механизм травмы определяет исход лечения. Подчеркивается важность персонализированного периоперационного ведения пациента с учетом специфических факторов риска, а не только механизма травмы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>distal femoral fractures</kwd><kwd>complications</kwd><kwd>high-energy trauma</kwd><kwd>low-energy trauma</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>переломы дистального отдела бедренной кости</kwd><kwd>осложнения</kwd><kwd>высокоэнергетическая травма</kwd><kwd>низкоэнергетическая травма</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gwathmey F.W. Jr., Jones-Quaidoo S.M., Kahler D., Hurwitz S., Cui Q. Distal femoral fractures: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18(10):597-607. doi: 10.5435/00124635-201010000-00003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Singh R., Ambade R., Landge S., Goyal S., Goel S. Comprehensive Review on Distal Femur Fractures: From Epidemiology to Treatment Strategies. Cureus. 2024;16(4):e57937. doi: 10.7759/cureus.57937.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Chauhan S., Dhanger S.K., Singh B.P. Study of surgical management of distal femur fracture using locking compression plate. Int J Orthop Sci. 2021;7:921-925. doi: 10.22271/ortho.2021.v7.i1n.2589.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>De Mauro D., Smakaj A., Casiraghi A., Galante C., Bove F., Arduini M. et al. Double plating versus nail-plate construct in AO 33C distal femur fractures: treatment choice affects knee alignment, clinical outcomes, and quality of life — a multicenter study. J Orthop Traumatol. 2025;26(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s10195-025-00834-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Muhammad J., Muahmmad N.Ch., Muhammad R.S., Abdul A., Muhammad H., Kashif A.N. Functional Outcome of Retrograde Femur Nail and DFLCP in Extra Articular Distal Femur Fracture. IJBR. 2025;3:650-654. doi: 10.70749/ijbr.v3i6.2019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Alcaide D.M., Blackwood N., Arthur R., Patch D.A., Rutz R.W., Spitler C.A. Distal Interlock Backout in the RFN-Advanced Retrograde Femoral Nailing System (RFNA) in Femur Fractures: Short Term Outcome Analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2025;39(7):357-361. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000002979.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Zlowodzki M., Bhandari M., Marek D.J., Cole P.A., Kregor P.J. Operative treatment of acute distal femur fractures: systematic review of 2 comparative studies and 45 case series (1989 to 2005). J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20(5):366-371. doi: 10.1097/00005131-200605000-00013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Trikha V., Kumar A. Osteoporotic Distal Femur Fractures: An Overview. Indian J Orthop. 2025;59(3):311-325. doi: 10.1007/s43465-025-01345-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Fu F., Liu B., Pu H., Wang Y., Zhang P., Wei S. et al. Global Trends in the Incidence and Primary Causes of Femoral Fractures, Excluding Femoral Neck Fractures: A Global Epidemiological Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2025;18:117-129. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S498918.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Southeast Fracture Consortium. LCP Versus LISS in the Treatment of Open and Closed Distal Femur Fractures: Does it Make a Difference? J Orthop Trauma. 2016;30(6): e212-e216. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000507.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Henderson C.E., Lujan T.J., Kuhl L.L., Bottlang M., Fitzpatrick D.C., Marsh J.L. 2010 mid-America Orthopaedic Association Physician in Training Award: healing complications are common after locked plating for distal femur fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(6):1757-1765. doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-1870-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ebraheim N.A., Martin A., Sochacki K.R., Liu J. Nonunion of distal femoral fractures: a systematic review. Orthop Surg. 2013;5(1):46-50. doi: 10.1111/os.12017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Bai Y., Zhang X., Tian Y., Tian D., Zhang B. Incidence of surgical-site infection following open reduction and internal fixation of a distal femur fracture: An observational case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(7):e14547. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014547.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Stenquist D.S., Albertson S., Bailey D., Paladino L., Flanagan C.D., Stang T. et al. High- Versus Low-Energy Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures in Young Patients: Injury Characteristics and Factors Associated With Complications. J Orthop Trauma. 2023;37(5):222-229. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000002587.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Baker S.P., O’Neill B., Haddon W. Jr., Long W.B. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14(3):187-196.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Horan T.C., Gaynes R.P., Martone W.J., Jarvis W.R., Emori T.G. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992;13(10):606-608.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Khan A.M., Tang Q.O., Spicer D. The Epidemiology of Adult Distal Femoral Shaft Fractures in a Central London Major Trauma Centre Over Five Years. Open Orthop J. 2017;11:1277-1291. doi: 10.2174/1874325001711011277.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Court-Brown C.M., Caesar B. Epidemiology of adult fractures: A review. Injury. 2006;37(8):691-697. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.130.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Pietu G., Lebaron M., Flecher X., Hulet C., Vandenbussche E. SOFCOT. Epidemiology of distal f emur fractures in France in 2011-12. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100(5):545-548. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.06.004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Baron J.A., Karagas M., Barrett J., Kniffin W., Malenka D., Mayor M. et al. Basic epidemiology of fractures of the upper and lower limb among Americans over 65 years of age. Epidemiology. 1996;7(6):612-618. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199611000-00008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ng A.C., Drake M.T., Clarke B.L., Sems S.A., Atkinson E.J., Achenbach S.J. et al. Trends in subtrochanteric, diaphyseal, and distal femur fractures, 1984-2007. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(6):1721-1726. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1777-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Smith J.R., Halliday R., Aquilina A.L., Morrison R.J., Yip G.C., McArthur J. et al. Collaborative - Orthopaedic Trauma Society (OTS). Distal femoral fractures: The need to review the standard of care. Injury. 2015;46(6):1084-1088. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.02.016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Paiva M.M., Leal D.P., Kuroki P.K., Barroso B.G., Reyna M.A.A., Leonhardt M.C. et al. Distal femoral fractures from high-energy trauma: a retrospective review of complication rate and risk factors. Acta Ortop Bras. 2022;30(spe2):e256896. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220223002e256896.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Kayali C., Agus H., Turgut A. Successful results of minimally invasive surgery for comminuted supracondylar femoral fractures with LISS: comparative study of multiply injured and isolated femoral fractures. J Orthop Sci. 2007;12(5):458-465. doi: 10.1007/s00776-007-1156-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Dunbar R.P., Egol K.A., Jones C.B., Ertl J.P., Mullis B., Perez E. et al. Locked Lateral Plating Versus Retrograde Nailing for Distal Femur Fractures: A Multicenter Randomized Trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2023;37(2):70-76. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000002482.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Markmiller M., Konrad G., Südkamp N. Femur-LISS and distal femoral nail for fixation of distal femoral fractures: are there differences in outcome and complications? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(426):252-257. doi: 10.1097/01.blo.0000141935.86481.ba.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Hierholzer C., von Rüden C., Pötzel T., Woltmann A., Bühren V. Outcome analysis of retrograde nailing and less invasive stabilization system in distal femoral fractures: A retrospective analysis. Indian J Orthop. 2011;45(3):243-250. doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.80043.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu C., Zhang J., Li J., Zhao K., Meng H., Zhu Y. et al. Incidence and predictors of surgical site infection after distal femur fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation: a prospective single-center study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):258. doi: 10.1186/s12891-021-04132-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Baertl S., Metsemakers W.J., Morgenstern M., Alt V., Richards R.G., Moriarty T.F. et al. Fracture-related infection. Bone Joint Res. 2021;10(6):351-353. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.106.BJR-2021-0167.R1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Almwuad’a M.H.H. Distal femur locked plate for fixation of open distal femur fracture. J Musculoskeletal Surg Res. 2025;9(3):323-328. doi: 10.25259/JMSR_10_2025.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
