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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17760</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17760</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and experimental studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретические и экспериментальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Theoretical and experimental studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of drill hole diameter for the long head of biceps tenodesis on the risk of pathological fractures of the proximal humerus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние диаметра отверстий для тенодеза длинной головки бицепса на риск патологических переломов проксимального отдела плечевой кости</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9147-5808</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3852-2953</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>Artem K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>Артём Константинович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>avdeev.artiom@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3886-163X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7085-8861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gofer</surname><given-names>Anton S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гофер</surname><given-names>Антон Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.hofer.ortho@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3264-8146</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3819-0982</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekperov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алекперов</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alecperov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1490-9783</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2863-2017</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubtsov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубцов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rubic.dv@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-535X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2348-7678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamuladze</surname><given-names>Tariel Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамуладзе</surname><given-names>Тариэл Зурабович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gromadina@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6850-995X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9356-7041</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдорова</surname><given-names>Наталья Виталиевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Tech.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. тех. наук</p></bio><email>veter-nata@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-7330</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7596-2960</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlov</surname><given-names>Vitaliy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлов</surname><given-names>Виталий Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>pavlovdoc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tsivyan Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Новосибирский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Я.Л. Цивьяна» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт гидродинамики им. М.А. Лаврентьева СО РАН»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>111</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-03"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17760">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17760</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Pathology of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) includes dislocation/subluxation, tendinitis, and tendon rupture and is frequently associated with rotator cuff injuries. Surgical treatment options include tenotomy or tenodesis. Although the choice of the tenodesis level for the LHBT is largely subjective, the tenodesis site affects not only functional outcomes but also the risk of pathological fracture of the humerus.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study</bold> — to evaluate the influence of drill hole diameter for the suprapectoral tenodesis of the long head of the biceps on the risk of the pathological fractures of the proximal humerus using finite element analysis.</p> <p><bold>Methods.<italic> </italic></bold>A three-dimensional model of the humerus, including cortical and trabecular bone components, was constructed based on CT data of a 64-year-old patient. Finite element analysis (ANSYS; SOLID185 elements, average element size ~0.7 mm) included the following scenarios: (1) a fall with the arm abducted at 45°, (2) external and internal rotational loading of the humerus with kinematic rotation of 3°-6° in both directions, and (3) comparative stress distribution analysis in intact bone (no drill hole) and after creation of through holes. An intact humerus was compared with humeri containing suprapectoral through holes of <italic>d</italic> = 5.0/1.5 mm (anchor fixation) and <italic>d</italic> = 7.0/2.4 mm (screw fixation).</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> During a fall on an abducted arm, peak tensile stresses were localized in the region of the surgical neck on the medial surface of the humerus, while the bicipital groove and suprapectoral region remained outside the zone of critical stress. During rotational loading, the presence of a drill hole shifted the maximum shear stress toward the drilling zone. In intact bone, the critical external rotation angle decreased from 6° to 5° after drilling. In bone with reduced mineral density, it decreased from 6° to 3°. For internal rotation, the critical angle decreased from 5° to 4°. The influence of drill hole diameter was minimal, accounting for only a 1-2% increase in stress.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> This study identified critical patterns in how bone perforation affects the stress–strain state of the humerus. Bone strength was primarily dependent on the presence of perforation rather than on the drill hole diameter within the investigated range, and increasing the diameter from 5 to 7 mm resulted in only a minor increase in stress (1-2%). These findings suggest that the optimal strategy is to place the drill hole in the proximal humerus, where critical shear stress concentrations are not initially present.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Патология сухожилия длинной головки двуглавой мышцы/бицепса (ДГБ) плеча включает вывихи/подвывихи, тендинит и разрывы, что часто сочетается с повреждениями вращательной манжеты плеча. Хирургические методы коррекции включают выполнение тенотомии или тенодеза. Хотя выбор уровня тенодеза ДГБ является субъективным, место для тенодеза ДГБ влияет не только на функциональные результаты, но и на риски формирования патологического перелома плечевой кости.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold><italic><bold> </bold></italic>— определить влияние диаметра отверстий для тенодеза длинной головки бицепса на супрапекторальном уровне на риск патологических переломов проксимального отдела плечевой кости на основе конечно-элементного анализа.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> На основании КТ плечевой кости 64-летнего пациента построена 3D-модель плечевой кости с кортикальным и трабекулярным компонентами. Конечно-элементное моделирование (ANSYS; SOLID185, размер конечного элемента ~0,7 мм) включало сценарии: 1) падение под углом отведения 45°, 2) наружные и внутренние ротационные нагрузки на плечевую кость, кинематическая ротация плечевой кости на 3°–6° кнаружи и кнутри; 3) сравнительный анализ распределения напряжений в кости без отверстий (КБО) и после формирования сквозных отверстий. Сравнивали интактную кость и кость со сквозными отверстиями <italic>d</italic> = 5,0/1,5 мм (якорь) и <italic>d</italic> = 7,0/2,4 мм (винт) на супрапекторальном уровне.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.<italic> </italic></bold>При падении на отведенную конечность пик растяжения локализуется в области <italic>collum chirurgicum</italic> по внутренней поверхности плеча; зона борозды и супрапекторальная область остаются вне зоны напряжения. При ротации отверстие смещает максимум касательных напряжений к зоне сверления; в «здоровой» кости предельный угол наружной ротации снижается с 6° до 5°, в кости со сниженной минеральной плотностью — с 6° до 3°; а при внутренней ротации — с 5° до 4°. Диаметр отверстия влияет минимально (1–2%).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.<italic> </italic></bold>Проведенное исследование выявило критические закономерности влияния перфорации на напряженно-деформированное состояние плечевой кости. Прочность кости зависит от факта наличия перфорации, а не от ее диаметра в исследованном диапазоне, а увеличение диаметра с 5 до 7 мм приводит к незначительному росту напряжений (1–2%). Полученные результаты дают основание полагать, что оптимальной стратегией является размещение отверстия в проксимальных отделах плечевой кости, где изначально отсутствует концентрация критических касательных напряжений.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>long head of biceps tenodesis</kwd><kwd>proximal humerus</kwd><kwd>finite element analysis</kwd><kwd>rotational fracture</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тенодез длинной головки бицепса</kwd><kwd>проксимальный отдел плечевой кости</kwd><kwd>метод конечных элементов</kwd><kwd>ротационный перелом</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Boileau P., Baqué F., Valerio L., Ahrens P., Chuinard C., Trojani C. Isolated arthroscopic biceps tenotomy or tenodesis improves symptoms in patients with massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. 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