<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17756</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17756</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cytokine profile in the synovial fluid of children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and transient synovitis of the hip</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокиновый профиль синовиальной жидкости детей с болезнью Легга – Кальве – Пертеса и транзиторным синовитом тазобедренного сустава</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8628-5649</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6283-2581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabaldin</surname><given-names>Nikita A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабалдин</surname><given-names>Никита Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>shabaldin.nk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7651-8485</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5597-8832</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kenis</surname><given-names>Vladimir M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кенис</surname><given-names>Владимир Маркович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>kenis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0509-6198</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1230-6803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhevnikov</surname><given-names>Aleksey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожевников</surname><given-names>Алексей Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>infant_doc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-4857</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4527-8939</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutikhin</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутихин</surname><given-names>Антон Геннадьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. мед. наук</p></bio><email>antonkutikhin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8785-7896</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5281-0065</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabaldin</surname><given-names>Andrei V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабалдин</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>weit2007@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kemerovo State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Сhildren’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской травматологии и ортопедии им. Г.И. Турнера» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-10"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17756">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17756</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> The nature of synovitis development in the early stages of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD), as well as certain aspects of the pathogenesis of subsequent osteodestructive processes, remains incompletely understood. A targeted approach to the treatment of the hip osteochondropathy should be based on an understanding of the dysregulation of osteogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study </bold>— to perform a comparative analysis of the concentrations of immunoregulatory molecules in the synovial fluid of patients with manifested Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and those with transient synovitis of the hip.</p> <p><bold>Methods.</bold> This prospective case-control pilot study included two groups of children. We analyzed the concentrations of five mediators/chemokines/cytokines (CD40, MDC/CCL22, Fractalkine (CX3CL1), IP10/CXCL10, VEGF) in the synovial fluid of 42 children with transient synovitis of the hip (TSH), as well as in 26 children with stage II LCPD according to the Waldenström classification.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The conducted study demonstrates differences in the nature of synovial inflammation with favorably occurring TSH and LCPD. The concentrations of regulatory molecules in synovial fluid depends on the predominant etiological factor and may influence the processes of osteoresorption and osteogenesis. Thus, changes in cytokine activity in patients with LCPD indicate the significance of disturbances in the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. An increase in the concentration of phosphoprotein CD40, along with VEGF-induced glycoprotein proliferation, is associated with the activation of inflammation in vascular disorders. In the development of TSH, an increase in the level of cytokine IP10, which regulates the Th1 immune response, was observed.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> In transient synovitis of the hip, the predominant factor is the immune-inflammatory response accompanied by activation of the chemokine system. The manifestation of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is associated with disturbances in the coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels, as well as with increased expression of inflammatory mediators.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность. </bold>Природа развития синовита на ранних стадиях болезни Легга – Кальве – Пертеса (БЛКП), а также некоторые вопросы патогенеза дальнейших остеодеструктивных процессов остаются до конца не известными. Таргетный вариант лечения остеохондропатии тазобедренного сустава должен базироваться на понимании нарушений регуляции остеогенеза на молекулярно-клеточном уровне.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — выполнить сравнительный анализ концентрации иммунорегуляторных молекул в синовиальной жидкости у пациентов с манифестацией болезни Легга – Кальве – Пертеса и у пациентов с транзиторным синовитом тазобедренного сустава.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> В пилотном проспективном исследовании по принципу «случай–контроль» участвовало две группы детей. Выполнен анализ концентрации пяти медиаторов/хемокинов/цитокинов (CD40, MDC/CCL22, Fractalkine (CX3CL1), IP10/CXCL10, VEGF) в синовиальной жидкости у 42 детей с диагнозом «транзиторный синовит тазобедренного сустава» (ТСТС), а также у 26 пациентов с диагнозом «болезнь Легга – Кальве – Пертеса» 2-й стадии по классификации Waldenström.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Выполненное исследование свидетельствует о различных природе и характере воспаления синовии при благоприятно протекающих ТСТС и БЛКП. Концентрация регуляторных молекул в синовиальной жидкости зависит от ведущего этиологического фактора и может влиять на процессы остеорезорбции и остеогенеза. Так, изменения активности цитокинов у пациентов с БЛКП свидетельствуют о значимости нарушений в системе сопряжения ангиогенеза и остеогенеза на молекулярно-клеточном уровне. Рост концентрации такого фосфопротеина, как CD40, на фоне индукции пролиферации гликопротеина VEGF связан с активацией воспаления при нарушениях в сосудистом русле. При развитии ТСТС отмечался рост уровня цитокина IP10, регулирующего Th1 иммунный ответ.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>При транзиторном синовите тазобедренного сустава ведущим фактором является иммуновоспалительный ответ с активацией системы хемокинов. Манифестация воспаления при болезни Легга – Кальве – Пертеса связана с нарушениями в системе сопряжения ангиогенеза и остеогенеза на молекулярно-клеточном уровне, а также с усилением экспрессии медиаторов воспаления.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease</kwd><kwd>osteogenesis</kwd><kwd>osteodestruction</kwd><kwd>inflammatory mediators</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Легга – Кальве – Пертеса</kwd><kwd>остеогенез</kwd><kwd>остеодеструкция</kwd><kwd>медиаторы воспаления</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rodríguez-Olivas A.O., Hernández-Zamora E., Reyes-Maldonado E. Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease overview. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2022;17(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02275-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Шабалдин Н.А., Шабалдин А.В. Молекулярные основы этиологии и патогенеза болезни Легга – Кальве – Пертеса и перспективы таргетной терапии (обзор литературы). Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста. 2022;10(3):295-307. doi: 10.17816/PTORS101679. Shabaldin N.A., Shabaldin A.V. Molecular foundations of the etiology and pathogenesis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and prospects for targeted therapy: a literature review. Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery. 2022;10(3):295-307. (In Russian). doi: 10.17816/PTORS101679.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Мезен Н.И., Сидорович Э.К., Лихачев С.А., Квачева З.Б., Лобанок Е.С., Волотовский И.Д. Транскрипционный фактор, индуцируемый гипоксией (HIF-1), его биологическая роль и взаимодействие с системами функционирования клетки в условиях нормы и патологии. Весці Нацыянальнай акадэміі навук Беларусі. Серыя біялагічных навук. 2013;(4):116-123. Mezen N.I., Sidorovich E.K., Lihachev S.A., Kvacheva Z.B., Lobanok E.S., Volotovski I.D. Hypoxia-induced factor (HIF), its biological role and interaction with the systems of cell function under normal and pathological conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Biological series. 2013;(4):116-123. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Жукова А.Г., Казицкая А.С., Сазонтова Т.Г., Михайлова Н.Н. Гипоксией индуцируемый фактор (HIF): структура, функции и генетический полиморфизм. Гигиена и санитария. 2019;98(7):723-728. doi: 10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-7-723-728. Zhukova A.G., Kazitskaya A.S., Sazontova T.G., Mikhailova N.N. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF): structure, function, and genetic polymorphism. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(7):723-728. (In Russian). doi: 10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-7-723-728.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Piret J.P., Mottet D., Raes M., Michiels C. Is HIF-1alpha a pro- or an anti-apoptotic protein? Biochem Pharmacol. 2002;64(5-6):889-892. doi: 10.1016/S0006-2952(02)01155-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>An W.G., Kanekal M., Simon M.C., Maltepe E., Blagosklonny M.V., Neckers L.M. Stabilization of wild-type p53 by hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. Nature. 1998;392(6674):405-408. doi: 10.1038/32925.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Yellowley C.E., Genetos D.C. Hypoxia signaling in the skeleton: implications for bone health. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2019;17(1):26-35. doi: 10.1007/s11914-019-00500-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Ren Y., Deng Z., Gokani V., Kutschke M., Mitchell T.W., Aruwajoye O. et al. Anti‐Interleukin‐6 Therapy Decreases Hip Synovitis and Bone Resorption and Increases Bone Formation Following Ischemic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head. J Bone Miner Res. 2021;36(2):357-368. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4191.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Shah K.N., Racine J., Jones L.C., Aaron R.K. Pathophysiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(3):201-209. doi: 10.1007/s12178-015-9277-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Герштейн Е.С., Тимофеев Ю.С., Зуев А.А., Кушлинский Н.Е. Лиганд-рецепторная система RANK/RANKL/OPG и ее роль при первичных новообразованиях костей (анализ литературы и собственные результаты). Успехи молекулярной онкологии. 2015: 2(3):51-59. Gershtejn E.S., Timofeev Yu.S., Zuev A.A., Kushlinskii N.E. RANK/RANKL/OPG ligand-receptor system and its role in primary bone neoplasms (literature analysis and own data). Advances in Molecular Oncology. 2015:2(3):51-59. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Чумачева Ю.В., Сташкевич Д.С., Девальд И.В., Суслова Т.А. Однонуклеотидный полиморфизм остеопротегерина как возможный биомаркер ревматоидного артрита в башкирской популяции Челябинской области. Российский иммунологический журнал. 2023;26(4):521-526. doi: 10.46235/1028-7221-13964-SNP. Chumacheva Y.V., Stashkevich D.S., Devald I.V., Suslova T.A. Single nucleotide polymorphism of osteoprotegerin as a possible biomarker of rheumatoid arthritis in Bashkir population of Chelyabinsk region. Russian Journal of Immunology. 2023;26(4):521-526. (In Russian). doi: 10.46235/1028-7221-13964-SNP.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Nouri A., Walmsley D., Pruszczynski B., Synder M. Transient synovitis of the hip: a comprehensive review. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2014;23(1):32-36. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0b013e328363b5a3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Барбараш О.Л., Осокина А.В. Роль маркеров системы CD40/CD40L в прогнозировании сердечно-сосудистых событий при коронарном атеросклерозе. Патология кровообращения и кардиохирургия. 2011;(3):89-93. Barbarash O.L., Osokina A.V. Role of CD40/CD40L markers in prognosing cardiovascular events in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation Pathology and Cardiac Surgery. 2011;(3):89-93. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Luo H., Li L., Han S., Liu T. The role of monocyte/macrophage chemokines in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: a review. Int J Immunogenet. 2024;51(3): 130-142. doi: 10.1111/iji.12664.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ren G., Al-Jezani N., Railton P., Powell J.N., Krawetz R.J. CCL22 induces pro-inflammatory changes in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. iScience. 2020;24(1):101943. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101943.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmed A.A., Hassan E.H., Elsayed H., Alhussiny A.M. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) as a Diagnostic Marker for Childhood Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2021;8(3):2453-2463.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Pezeshkian F., Shahriarirad R., Mahram H. An overview of the role of chemokine CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) and CX3C chemokine receptor 1 in systemic sclerosis. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2024;12(10):e70034. doi: 10.1002/iid3.70034.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Madhurantakam S., Lee Z.J., Naqvi A., Prasad S. Importance of IP-10 as a biomarker of host immune response: Critical perspective as a target for biosensing. Curr Res Biotechnol. 2023;5:100130. doi: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2023.100130.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Enomoto N., Nakai S., Yazawa S., Mochizuka Y., Fukada A., Tanaka Y. et al. CXCL10 predicts autoimmune features and a favorable clinical course in patients with IIP: post hoc analysis of a prospective and multicenter cohort study. Respir Res. 2024;25(1):346. doi: 10.1186/s12931-024-02982-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Zhan H., Li H., Liu C., Cheng L., Yan S., Li Y. Association of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor levels with autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:674343. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674343.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Le T.H.V., Kwon S.M. Vascular endothelial growth factor biology and its potential as a therapeutic target in rheumatic diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(10):5387. doi: 10.3390/ijms22105387.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Kang M.S., Zimmerhanzel D., Haider S., Kwang-Woo Kim H. Early-stage femoral head hypoperfusion correlates with femoral head deformity at intermediate follow-up in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2025;107(1):36-45. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.23.01429.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Chong D.Y., Schrader T., Laine J.C., Yang S., Gilbert S.R., Kim H.K.W. et al. Reliability and validity of visual estimation of femoral head hypoperfusion on perfusion MRI in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2021;41(9):e780-e786. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001945.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Светозарский Н.Л., Артифексова А.А., Светозарский С.Н. Фактор роста эндотелия сосудов: биологические свойства и практическое значение (обзор литературы). Journal of Siberian Medical Sciences. 2015;(5):24. Svetozarskiy N.L., Artifeksova A.A., Svetozarskiy S.N. Growth promoting factor of endothelium of vessels: biological properties and practical value (literature review). Journal of Siberian Medical Sciences. 2015;(5):24. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Wagner A.H., Klersy A., Sultan C.S., Hecker M. Potential role of soluble CD40 receptor in chronic inflammatory diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023;217:15858. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115858.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Шевченко О.П., Природова О.Ф., Шевченко А.О. Клиническое значение растворимого CD40 лиганда у больных ишемической болезнью сердца. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2006;5(7):101-111. Shevchenko O.P., Prirodova O.F., Shevchenko A.O. Clinical value of soluble CD40 ligand in coronary heart disease patient. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2006;5(7):101-111.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Gillespie E.F., Raychaudhuri N., Papageorgiou K.I., Atkins S.J., Lu Y., Charara L.K. et al. Interleukin-6 production in CD40-engaged fibrocytes in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: involvement of Akt and NF-κB. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(12):7746-7753. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-9861.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Gerdes N., Seijkens T., Lievens D., Kuijpers M.J., Winkels H., Projahn D. et al. Platelet CD40 exacerbates atherosclerosis by transcellular activation of endothelial cells and leukocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2016;36(3):482-490. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.307074.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Кожевников А.Н., Барсуков Д.Б., Губаева А.Р. Болезнь Легга – Кальве – Пертеса, протекающая с признаками остеоартрита: механизмы возникновения и перспективы консервативной терапии с применением бисфосфонатов. Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста. 2023;11(3):405-416. doi: 10.17816/PTORS456498. Kozhevnikov A.N., Barsukov D.B., Gubaeva A.R. Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease presenting with osteoarthritis: mechanisms of the development and prospects of conservative therapy using bisphosphonates. Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery. 2023;11(3):405-416. (In Russian). doi: 10.17816/PTORS456498.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Mellado M., Martínez-Muñoz L., Cascio G., Lucas P., Pablos J.L., Rodríguez-Frade J.M. T cell migration in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol. 2015;6:384. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00384.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Jaberi L., Simonds M.M., Brescia A.M.C. CCL24, CXCL9 and CXCL10 are increased in synovial fluid in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring advanced treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62(7):2594-2600. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac617.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
