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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17710</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17710</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Choice of antibiotics for the treatment of orthopedic infection caused by gram-positive pathogens, based on a 12-year follow-up. Part 2: fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, lincosamides, fosfomycin</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Выбор антибиотиков для лечения ортопедической инфекции, вызванной грамположительными возбудителями, по результатам 12-летнего наблюдения. Часть 2: фторхинолоны, сульфаниламиды, тетрациклины, линкозамиды, фосфомицин</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-7133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasimova</surname><given-names>Alina R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касимова</surname><given-names>Алина Рашидовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>kasi-alina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-2424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhkova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божкова</surname><given-names>Светлана Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>clinpharm-rniito@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-4963</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tufanova</surname><given-names>Olga S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Туфанова</surname><given-names>Ольга Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>katieva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-7413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Михайловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>emgordina@win.rniito.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-1220</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gvozdetsky</surname><given-names>Anton N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гвоздецкий</surname><given-names>Антон Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>Gvozdetskiy_AN@hotmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0733-2414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhilov</surname><given-names>Rashid M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихилов</surname><given-names>Рашид Муртузалиевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Corresponding Member of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-кор. РАН</p></bio><email>rtikhilov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-11"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17710">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17710</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>The</bold><bold> </bold><bold>aim</bold><bold> </bold><bold>of</bold><bold> </bold><bold>the</bold><bold> </bold><bold>study</bold><bold> </bold>— to substantiate the choice of a drug for empirical antibacterial therapy based on the analysis of antimicrobial resistance dynamics in leading Gram(+) bacteria isolated from patients with orthopedic infection from 2011 to 2022.</p> <p><bold>Methods</bold><bold>.</bold> We performed a retrospective study of data on the antimicrobial susceptibility in leading Gram(+) bacteria isolated from patients who were treated from 01.01.2022 to 31.12.2022. Based on the data obtained, we investigated the dynamics and determined the prognosis of resistance in leading Gram(+) pathogens. This article analyzes 5 groups of antibiotics active against Gram(+) microorganisms: fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, lincosamides, fosfomycin.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold><bold>. </bold>More than 75% of MRSA strains and more than 50% of MRSE strains demonstrated resistance to fluoroquinolones. Methicillin-sensitive strains have a lower resistance profile; the proportion of moxifloxacin-resistant MSSA during the entire follow-up period was 2.3%, MSSE — 14.7%. The proportion of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. faecalis strains decreased during the 12-year follow-up from 61.3% in 2011 to 40.4% in 2022. Over the 12-year follow-up period, our center has seen a decrease in the proportion of Staphylococcus spp. strains resistant to co-trimoxazole. At the same time, the drug is more active against S. aureus and methicillin-sensitive strains than against S. epidermidis and MR strains, respectively. The local monitoring data in our center demonstrate the activity of fosfomycin against more than 90% of staphylococci. In general, the average proportion of MRSA strains resistant to this drug was 5.8%, MRSE — 7.7%, and MSSE — 7%. The proportion of clindamycin-resistant MSSA increased from 1.5 to 12% and averaged 4.4%. At the same time, the incidence of clindamycin-resistant MRSA varied between 39-60% with a tendency to decrease to 48% by the end of the follow-up period.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions</bold><bold>. </bold>None of the broad-spectrum antibiotics can be recommended for use in the initial empirical therapy of orthopedic infection. Fluoroquinolones and co-trimoxazole are active against 30-33%, tetracyclines — against 39% (mainly due to the continued activity of minocycline and tigecycline), clindamycin — against 64% of gram-positive pathogens. Fosfomycin remains active against about 90% of staphylococci. However, to date, there are no criteria for assessing the sensitivity of enterococci to it, and therefore the sensitivity of enterococci to fosfomycin has not been determined.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— обосновать выбор лекарственного средства для эмпирической антибактериальной терапии на основании результатов анализа динамики чувствительности к антибактериальным препаратам ведущих Грам(+) бактерий, выделенных от пациентов с ортопедической инфекцией с 2011 по 2022 г.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Выполнено ретроспективное исследование данных о чувствительности к антибактериальным препаратам ведущих Грам(+) бактерий, изолированных от пациентов, находившихся на лечении с 01.01.2011 по 31.12.2022. На основании полученных данных была исследована динамика и определен прогноз резистентности ведущих Грам(+) возбудителей. Проанализированы пять групп антибиотиков, активных в отношении Грам(+) микроорганизмов: фторхинолоны, сульфаниламиды, тетрациклины, линкозамиды, фосфомицин. Препаратам с узким спектром действия была посвящена первая часть работы.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Более 75% штаммов MRSA и более 50% штаммов MRSE демонстрировали устойчивость к фторхинолонам. Метициллин-чувствительные штаммы обладают меньшим профилем резистентности, доля резистентных к моксифлоксацину MSSA за весь период наблюдения составила 2,3%, MSSE — 14,7%. Доля резистентных к ципрофлоксацину штаммов E. faecalis снизилась в течение 12 лет наблюдения с 61,3% в 2011 до 40,4% в 2022 г. В нашем центре за 12 лет наблюдения отмечается снижение доли штаммов Staphylococcus spp., устойчивых к ко-тримоксазолу. При этом препарат более активен против S. aureus и метициллин-чувствительных штаммов, чем в отношении S. epidermidis и MR-штаммов соответственно. Данные локального мониторинга в нашем центре демонстрируют активность фосфомицина в отношении более 90% стафилококков. В целом средняя доля устойчивых к данному препарату штаммов MRSA составила 5,8%, MRSE — 7,7%, MSSE — 7%. Доля устойчивых к клиндамицину MSSA увеличилась с 1,5 до 12% и в среднем составила 4,4%. В то же время частота выделения клиндамицин-резистентных MRSA варьировала в диапазоне 39–60% с тенденцией к снижению до 48% к концу срока наблюдения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Ни один из антибиотиков широкого спектра нельзя рекомендовать для использования в стартовой эмпирической терапии ортопедической инфекции. Фторхинолоны и ко-тримоксазол активны в отношении 30–33%, тетрациклины — в отношении 39% (преимущественно за счет сохраняющейся активности миноциклина и тигециклина), клиндамицин — в отношении 64% Грам(+) возбудителей. Фосфомицин сохраняет активность в отношении примерно 90% стафилококков. Однако на сегодняшний день нет критериев для оценки чувствительности к нему энтерококков, в связи с чем чувствительность энтерококков к фосфомицину не определяли.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>orthopedic infection</kwd><kwd>implant-associated infection</kwd><kwd>periprosthetic joint infection</kwd><kwd>antibacterial therapy</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>S. aureus</kwd><kwd>S. epidermidis</kwd><kwd>empirical therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ортопедическая инфекция</kwd><kwd>имплантат-ассоциированная инфекция</kwd><kwd>перипротезная инфекция</kwd><kwd>антибактериальная терапия</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>S. aureus</kwd><kwd>S. epidermidis</kwd><kwd>эмпирическая терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Tubb C.C., Polkowksi G.G., Krause B. 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