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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17671</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17671</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Long-Term Results of the Treatment of Mallet Finger Injuries: A Retrospective Analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ретроспективный анализ отдаленных результатов лечения подкожных разрывов сухожилий разгибателей пальцев кисти с их молоткообразной деформацией</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5449-0477</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Yulia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Юлия Станиславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>volkoways@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-7307</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodomanova</surname><given-names>Liubov A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родоманова</surname><given-names>Любовь Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>rodomanovaliubov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-04-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-08"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17671">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17671</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Unsatisfactory clinical outcomes and patient dissatisfaction with the functional and aesthetic results of treating a mallet finger remain a significant challenge, as there is a lack of consensus among specialists regarding the optimal treatment approach, depending on the specific injury type.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study</bold> — to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy of external immobilization, trans-articular fixation and percutaneous extension block pinning for different types of mallet finger injuries, and to identify factors that influence functional outcomes.</p> <p><bold>Methods. </bold>In a retrospective single-center study, functional results of 120 patients treated for acute mallet finger injuries were analyzed according to the Crawford classification. Patient satisfaction with the treatment was also assessed, and factors influencing treatment outcomes were identified.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Depending on the type of injury among the study participants, excellent and good outcomes were achieved in 22 (25%) and 30 (34%) patients with type I injuries, while satisfactory and poor outcomes were observed in 26 (29.5%) and 10 (11.4%), respectively. Patients with IVB and IVC injuries mostly experienced poor outcomes in 13 (48.1%) and 2 (40%) cases with satisfactory outcomes in 11 (40.7%) and 3 (60%), respectively. The type of injury according to the Doyle classification system, treatment method, and initial nail phalanx extension deficiency had a significant impact on treatment outcomes. Most patients with type I injury received conservative treatment, whereas patients with an initial phalanx extension defect of 30 degrees or more often experienced satisfactory and poor outcomes with a residual extension defect of 15±5 degrees. In patients with type IVB and type IVC injuries, 40% underwent percutaneous extension block pinning. These patients were more likely to have residual deficit in extension more than 20±6°, a higher incidence of pain syndrome and flexion insufficiency in the distal interphalangeal joint.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> In the management of type I injuries, the most significant factor influencing the functional outcome is the degree of initial deformity. Surgical intervention for type I injuries using trans-articular fixation can improve clinical outcomes, but it is associated with a significant risk of infection-related complications. When performing percutaneous extension block pinning for IVB and IVC type injuries, it is essential to achieve adequate repositioning to prevent improper fusion and the development of deformity-related osteoarthritis in the distal interphalangeal joints.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Неудовлетворительные клинические результаты и недовольство пациентов функциональными и эстетическими исходами остаются актуальной проблемой лечения mallet finger. Среди специалистов существуют разногласия в определении оптимальной тактики лечения в зависимости от типа повреждения.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — ретроспективно оценить эффективность внешней иммобилизации, трансартикулярной фиксации и блокирующего остеосинтеза при разных типах повреждения mallet finger и определить факторы, влияющие на функциональные результаты.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>В ретроспективном одноцентровом исследовании проанализированы функциональные результаты лечения 120 пациентов со свежими повреждениями mallet finger согласно классификации G.P. Crawford. Также выполнена оценка удовлетворенности пациентов проведенным лечением, и определены факторы, влияющие на исходы лечения.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>При повреждениях I типа отличные и хорошие результаты получены у 22 (25%) и 30 (34%) пациентов соответственно, а удовлетворительные и плохие — у 26 (29,5%) и 10 (11,4%) пациентов соответственно. У пациентов с повреждениями типа IVB и IVC получены плохие результаты у 13 (48,1%) и 2 (40%) соответственно, удовлетворительные результаты — у 11 (40,7%) и 3 (60%) соответственно. Наибольшее влияние на результаты оказали тип повреждения, выбранный способ лечения и исходный дефицит разгибания ногтевой фаланги. Подавляющее большинство пациентов с I типом повреждения лечились консервативно, при этом у пациентов с исходным дефицитом разгибания ногтевой фаланги, равном или более 30°, чаще были получены удовлетворительные и плохие результаты с остаточным дефицитом разгибания 15±5º. При повреждениях IVB и IVC типов у 40% пациентов выполнен блокирующий остеосинтез. У этих пациентов чаще наблюдались остаточный дефицит разгибания более 20±6º, наличие болевого синдрома и дефицит сгибания в дистальном межфаланговом суставе.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>При лечении повреждений I типа наиболее важным фактором, определяющим функциональный результат, является выраженность исходной деформации. Оперативное лечение при повреждениях I типа методом трансартикулярной фиксации улучшает клинические результаты, однако сопряжено с высоким риском инфекционных осложнений. При выполнении блокирующего остеосинтеза при повреждениях IVB и IVC типов необходимо достижение удовлетворительной репозиции во избежание неправильного сращения и развития деформирующего артроза дистального межфалангового сустава.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mallet finger</kwd><kwd>distal interphalangeal joint</kwd><kwd>mallet fracture</kwd><kwd>extensor tendon injury in the hand</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молоткообразный палец</kwd><kwd>mallet finger</kwd><kwd>дистальный межфаланговый сустав</kwd><kwd>перелом ногтевой фаланги</kwd><kwd>повреждение сухожилия разгибателя пальцев кисти</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Clayton R.A., Court-Brown C.M. The epidemiology of musculoskeletal tendinous and ligamen-tous injuries. 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