<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17665</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17665</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and experimental studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретические и экспериментальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Theoretical and experimental studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Experimental Validation of Antimicrobial Drug Combinations for Bone Cement Impregnation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспериментальное обоснование комбинаций антимикробных препаратов для импрегнации костного цемента</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-2424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhkova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божкова</surname><given-names>Светлана Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>clinpharm-rniito@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6113-0277</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gadzhimagomedov</surname><given-names>Magomed Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаджимагомедов</surname><given-names>Магомед Шамильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>orthopedist8805@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-7413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Михайловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>emgordina@win.rniito.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-5952</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antipov</surname><given-names>Alexander P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антипов</surname><given-names>Александр Павлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.p.antipov@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-7456</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vaganov</surname><given-names>Gleb  V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ваганов</surname><given-names>Глеб Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Tech.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><email>glebvaganov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-4767</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>Vladimir  E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>Владимир Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. (Phys.-Math.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><email>yudinve@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Филиал ФГБУ «Петербургский институт ядерной физики им. Б.П. Константинова национального исследовательского центра “Курчатовский институт” — Институт высокомолекулярных соединений»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-02-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-23"><day>23</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-18"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17665">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17665</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background<italic>. </italic></bold>The implantation of an antimicrobial spacer is widely used in the comprehensive treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Most commonly, bone cement is additionally impregnated with vancomycin, which is active only against Gram-positive bacteria. However, there is a global increase in Gram-negative bacterial resistance to most antibiotics, necessitating the development of new approaches to overcome this resistance, including in the context of local antibacterial therapy.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study</bold> was to determine the duration of antimicrobial activity and the mechanical properties of gentamicin-containing bone cement samples additionally impregnated with the combinations of highly dispersed silver (HD-Ag) and various antibiotics.</p> <p><bold>Methods<italic>.</italic></bold> Control samples were prepared using the commercial polymethylmethacrylate-based bone cement DePuy CMW 3 Gentamicin (DePuy Synthes), which contains 4.22% gentamicin. Additionally, six experimental samples with different combinations of antimicrobial agents were prepared and tested. Antimicrobial activity (AMA) was assessed against <italic>S. aureus </italic>(MSSA, MRSA), <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>, and <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. The mechanical properties of the most effective samples were evaluated in comparison with the control samples. Statistical analysis was performed using the Past 4 software system.</p> <p><bold>Results<italic>.</italic></bold> The control samples of commercial bone cement demonstrated the shortest duration of activity against MSSA (7 days) and showed no activity against MRSA or Gram-negative bacteria. The addition of 10 wt% fosfomycin and HD-Ag to the bone cement (BC 1) tripled the AMA duration against MSSA, <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>, and <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. The addition of 5 wt% vancomycin to BC 1 (BC 2) extended the AMA duration against Gram-negative bacteria to 14-16 days and against <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> spp. to 4 weeks. The highest activity against Gram-negative bacteria was observed in samples containing HD-Ag and 10 wt% aztreonam (BC 5 and BC 6), whose mechanical properties did not significantly differ from the control samples.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion<italic>.</italic></bold> Combinations containing HD-Ag, vancomycin, fosfomycin, and aztreonam demonstrated prolonged antimicrobial activity. This may improve the effectiveness of the debridement stage in two-stage revision arthroplasty for hip periprosthetic joint infection, making these combinations promising for clinical application.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актульность<italic>. </italic></bold>Имплантация антимикробного спейсера широко применяется в комплексном лечении перипротезной инфекции (ППИ). Чаще всего костный цемент дополнительно импрегнируют ванкомицином, который активен только в отношении грамположительных бактерий. Однако во всем мире отмечается рост резистентности грамотрицательных бактерий к большинству антибиотиков, что требует разработки новых подходов для преодоления этой устойчивости, в том числе в случае применения локальной антибактериальной терапии.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования<italic> </italic></bold>— определить длительность антимикробной активности и прочностные свойства образцов гентамицин-содержащего костного цемента, дополнительно импрегнированных комбинациями высокодисперсного серебра (ВД-Ag) с различными антибиотиками.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы<italic>.</italic></bold> Контрольные образцы были изготовлены из коммерческого костного цемента на основе полиметилметакрилата DePuy CMW 3 Gentamicin (DePuy Synthes), содержащего 4,22% гентамицина. Дополнительно были изготовлены и протестированы 6 опытных образцов с добавлением разных комбинаций антибактериальных препаратов. Антимикробную активность (АМА) оценивали в отношении <italic>S. aureus</italic> (MSSA, MRSA), <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> и <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. Прочностные свойства наиболее эффективных образцов оценивали в сравнении с контрольными образцами. Статистический анализ проводили средствами программной системы Past 4.</p> <p><bold>Результаты<italic>.</italic></bold> Контрольные образцы из официнального костного цемента продемонстрировали наименьшую продолжительность активности в отношении MSSA (7 дней) и не проявляли активность в отношении MRSA и грамотрицательных бактерий. Добавление 10 масс.% фосфомицина и ВД-Ag в костный цемент (КЦ 1) увеличило продолжительность АМА в отношении MSSA, <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> и <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> в три раза. Добавление к КЦ1 5 масс.% ванкомицина (КЦ 2) продлило АМА образцов в отношении грамотрицательных бактерий до 14–16 сут., стафилококков — до 4 нед. Наибольшей активностью в отношении грамотрицательных бактерий обладали образцы с ВД-Ag и 10 масс.% азтреонама (КЦ 5 и КЦ 6), прочностные характеристики которых значимо не отличались от контрольных образцов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение<italic>. </italic></bold>Комбинации, содержащие ВД-Аg, ванкомицин, фосфомицин и азтреонам, показали длительную антимикробную активность. Это может улучшить результаты санирующего этапа двухэтапного лечения перипротезной инфекции тазобедренного сустава, что делает их перспективными для клинического применения.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>periprosthetic joint infection</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial spacer</kwd><kwd>highly dispersed silver</kwd><kwd>bone cement impregnation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>перипротезная инфекция</kwd><kwd>антимикробный спейсер</kwd><kwd>высокодисперсное серебро</kwd><kwd>импрегнация костного цемента</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>056-00030-24</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kurtz S.M., Lau E.C., Son M.S., Chang E.T., Zimmerli W., Parvizi J. Are We Winning or Losing the Battle With Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Trends in Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Mortality Risk for the Medicare Population. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33(10):3238-3245. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2018.05.042.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>McMaster Arthroplasty Collaborative (MAC). Incidence and Predictors of Prosthetic Joint Infection Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A 15-Year Population-Based Cohort Study. J Arthroplasty. 2022;37(2):367-372.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2021.10.006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Premkumar A., Kolin D.A., Farley K.X., Wilson J.M., McLawhorn A.S., Cross M.B. et al. Projected Economic Burden of Periprosthetic Joint Infection of the Hip and Knee in the United States. J Arthroplasty. 2021;36(5): 1484-1489.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2020.12.005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Винклер Т., Трампуш А., Ренц Н., Перка К., Божкова С.А. Классификация и алгоритм диагностики и лечения перипротезной инфекции тазобедренного сустава. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2016; 22(1):33-45. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2016-0-1-33-45. Winkler T., Trampuz A., Renz N., Perka C., Bozhkova S.A. Сlassification and algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of hip periprosthetic infection. Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2016;22(1):33-35. (In Russian). doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2016-0-1-33-45.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Buchholz H.W., Engelbrecht H. Depot effects of various antibiotics mixed with Palacos resins. Chirurg. 1970;41(11):511-515.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Durbhakula S.M., Czajka J., Fuchs M.D., Uhl R.L. Spacer endoprosthesis for the treatment of infected total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19(6):760-767. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2004.02.037.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Joseph T.N., Chen A.L., Di Cesare P.E. Use of antibiotic-impregnated cement in total joint arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003;11(1):38-47. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200301000-00006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Tande A.J., Patel R. Prosthetic Joint Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(2):302-345. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00111-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Rodríguez-Pardo D., Pigrau C., Lora-Tamayo J., Soriano A., del Toro M.D., Cobo J. et al. Gram-negative Prosthetic Joint Infection: Outcome of a Debridement, Antibiotics and Implant Retention Approach. A Large Multicentre Study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(11):O911-O919. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12649.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Hsieh P.H., Lee M.S., Hsu K.Y., Chang Y.H., Shih H.N., Ueng S.W. Gram-negative Prosthetic Joint Infections: Risk Factors and Outcome of Treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(7):1036-1043. doi: 10.1086/605593.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Zmistowski B., Fedorka C.J., Sheehan E., Deirmengian G., Austin M.S., Parvizi J. Prosthetic Joint Infection Caused by Gram-negative Organisms. J Arthroplast. 2011; 26(6 Suppl):104-108. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2011.03.044.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Конев В.А., Божкова С.А., Нетылько Г.И., Афанасьев А.В, Румакин В.П., Полякова Е.М. и др. Результаты применения фосфомицина для импрегнации остеозамещающих материалов при лечении хронического остеомиелита. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2016;22(2):43-56. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2016-0-2-43-56. Konev V.A., Bozhkova S.A., Netylko G.I., Afanasiev A.V., Rumakin V.P., Polyakova E.M. et al. Results of the fosfomycin application for the impregnation of bone replacement materials in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2016:22(2);43-56. (In Russian). doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2016-0-2-43-56.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Al Thaher Y., Yang L., Jones S.A., Perni S., Prokopovich P. LbL-assembled gentamicin delivery system for PMMA bone cements to prolong antimicrobial activity. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0207753. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207753.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Lunz A., Omlor G.W., Schmidt G., Moradi B., Lehner B., Streit M.R. Quality of life, infection control, and complication rates using a novel custom-made articulating hip spacer during two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2022;142(12):4041-4054. doi: 10.1007/s00402-021-04274-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Martínez-Pastor J.C., Muñoz-Mahamud E., Vilchez F., García-Ramiro S., Bori G., Sierra J. et al. Outcome of acute prosthetic joint infections due to gram-negative bacilli treated with open debridement and retention of the prosthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(11):4772-4777. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00188-09.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Tarabichi S., Goh G.S., Zanna L., Qadiri Q.S., Baker C.M., Gehrke T. et al. Time to Positivity of Cultures Obtained for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2023;105(2):107-112. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.22.00766.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Gasparini G., De Gori M., Calonego G., Della Bora T., Caroleo B., Galasso O. Drug elution from high-dose antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement: a comparative, in vitro study. Orthopedics. 2014;37(11):e999-1005. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20141023-57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Gálvez-López R., Peña-Monje A., Antelo-Lorenzo R., Guardia-Olmedo J., Moliz J., Hernández-Quero J. et al. Elution kinetics, antimicrobial activity, and mechanical properties of 11 different antibiotic loaded acrylic bone cement. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;78(1):70-74. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Krassnig R., Hohenberger G., Schwarz A., Goessler W., Feierl G., Wildburger R. et al. In vitro testing of silver-containing spacer in periprosthetic infection management. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17261. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96811-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Божкова С.А., Гордина Е.М., Марков М.А., Афанасьев А.В., Артюх В.А., Малафеев К.В. и др. Влияние комбинации ванкомицина с препаратом серебра на длительность антимикробной активности костного цемента и формирование биопленки штаммом MRSA. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2021;27(2):54-64. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-2-54-64 2021. Bozhkova S.A., Gordina E.M., Markov M.A., Afanasyev A.V., Artyukh V.A., Malafeev K.V. et al. The Effect of Vancomycin and Silver Combination on the Duration of Antibacterial Activity of Bone Cement and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2021;27(2):54-64. (In Russian). doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-2-54-64 2021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Божкова С.А., Полякова Е.М., Афанасьев А.В., Лабутин Д.В., Ваганов Г.В., Юдин В.Е. Фосфомицин — возможности применения для локальной терапии перипротезной инфекции. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2016:18(2): 104-112. Bozhkova S.A., Polyakova E.M., Afanasiev A.V., Labutin D.V., Vaganov G.V., Yudin V.E. Potential for the Use of Fosfomycin in the Topical Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2016:18(2):104-112.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Anagnostakos K., Meyer C. Antibiotic Elution from Hip and Knee Acrylic Bone Cement Spacers: A Systematic Review. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:4657874. doi: 10.1155/2017/4657874.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Bitsch R.G., Kretzer J.P., Vogt S., Büchner H., Thomsen M.N., Lehner B. Increased antibiotic release and equivalent biomechanics of a spacer cement without hard radio contrast agents. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;83(2):203-209. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.06.019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Sanz-Ruiz P., Villanueva-Martinez M., Berberich C. Benefit and risks of antibiotic-loaded bone cements. In: Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Ed. Kuhn D. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2018. P. 217-218.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Парвизи Д., Герке Т. Материалы второй международной согласительной конференции по скелетно-мышечной инфекции. СПб.: РНИИТО им. Р.Р. Вредена. 2019. С. 320. Parvizi J., Gehrke T. Proceedings of the second international consensus meeting on musculoskeletal infection. St. Petersburg : RNIITO im. R.R. Vredena. 2019. 314 р. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Rodriguez J., Perez Alamino L., Garabano G., Taleb J.P., Del Sel H., Pesciallo C. Two-Stage Treatment of Chronic Periprosthetic Knee Infections With the Use of Gentamicin-Articulated Spacers: Success Rate and Predictors of Failure at the Minimum Seven-Year Follow-Up. Arthroplast Today. 2023;23:101177. doi: 10.1016/j.artd.2023.101177.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Brooks J.R., Dusane D.H., Moore K., Gupta T., Delury C., Aiken S.S. et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm killing beyond the spacer by antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate beads: an in vitro study. J Bone Joint Infect. 2021;6(5): 119-129. doi: 10.5194/jbji-6-119-2021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Hsieh P.H., Chang Y.H., Chen S.H., Ueng S.W., Shih C.H. High concentration and bioactivity of vancomycin and aztreonam eluted from Simplex cement spacers in two-stage revision of infected hip implants: a study of 46 patients at an average follow-up of 107 days. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(8):1615-1621. doi: 10.1002/jor.20214.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Yuenyongviwat V., Ingviya N., Pathaburee P., Tangtrakulwanich B. Inhibitory effects of vancomycin and fosfomycin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from antibiotic-impregnated articulating cement spacers. Bone Joint Res. 2017;6(3):132-136. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.63.2000639.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Божкова С.А., Касимова А.Р., Борисов А.М., Артюх В.А., Ливенцов В.Н. Клинико-экономическая эффективность использования Фосфомицина и Ванкомицина для импрегнации спейсеров при хирургическом лечении пациентов с перипротезной инфекцией. Забайкальский медицинский вестник. 2017;(2):122-131. doi: 10.52485/19986173_2017_2_122. Bozhkova S.A., Kasimova A.R., Borisov A.M., Artyukh V.A., Liventsov V.N. Clinical and economic effectiveness of using Fosfomycin and Vancomycin for spacer impregnation in the surgical treatment of patients with periprosthetic infection. Transbaikalian Medical Bulletin. 2017;(2):122-131. (In Russian). doi: 10.52485/19986173_2017_2_122.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Дигтяр А.В., Карпинский М.Ю., Карпинская Е.Д. Экспериментальное исследование прочности костного цемента в зависимости от содержания антибиотика. Травма. 2019;20(1):79-83. doi: 10.22141/1608-1706.1.20.2019.158674. Dіgtiar A.V., Karpinsky M.Yu., Karpinska O.D. Experimental study of the strength of bone cement depending on the antibiotic content. Trauma. 2019;20(1):79-83. (In Ukrainian). doi: 10.22141/1608-1706.1.20.2019.158674.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Kwong J.W., Abramowicz M., Kühn K.D., Foelsch C., Hansen E.N. High and Low Dosage of Vancomycin in Polymethylmethacrylate Cements: Efficacy and Mechanical Properties. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(9):818. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13090818.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
