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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17610</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17610</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Recurrent cases of periprosthetic joint infection caused by <italic>Staphylococcus Aureus</italic>: reinfection or reactivation of a pathogen?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Случаи развития повторной перипротезной инфекции <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>: реинфекция или реактивация патогена?</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4822-0251</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9252-8834</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kechin</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кечин</surname><given-names>Андрей Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>a.a.kechin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4443-3997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borobova</surname><given-names>Victoria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боробова</surname><given-names>Виктория Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>v.borobova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7261-2730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheraliev</surname><given-names>Taalaibek U.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шералиев</surname><given-names>Таалайбек Усеналиевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sheraliev.taalai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0074-8062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chretien</surname><given-names>Svetlana O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кретьен</surname><given-names>Светлана Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ssonovo64@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9543-3547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tromenshleger</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Троменшлегер</surname><given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>irina510@ngs.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-7330</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlov</surname><given-names>Vitaliy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлов</surname><given-names>Виталий Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>pavlovdoc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8950-5368</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4025-0533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filipenko</surname><given-names>Maxim L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филипенко</surname><given-names>Максим Леонидович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>max@niboch.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины» Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tsivyan Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Новосибирский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Я.Л. Цивьяна» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tsivyan Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Новосибирский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Я.Л. Цивьяна» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины» Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-28"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-13"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17610">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17610</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> is one of the most common pathogens causing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Despite the high genetic diversity of S. aureus strains, determining phylogenetic relationships and, consequently, the source of infection is a challenging task that can only be addressed through detailed comparison of the genomes of the obtained isolates.</p> <p><bold>The aim of the study</bold> was to assess the feasibility of differentiating the cases of nosocomial periprosthetic joint infections, using whole-genome sequencing to identify genetic and phenotypic differences between isolates with the prospect of the application of evidence-based treatment strategies.</p> <p><bold>Methods. </bold>Genomes of 20 S. aureus isolates from 13 patients with PJI were sequenced. Standard microbiological tests and in silico analysis of genomes using ResFinder, KmerFinder, spaTyper, and SCCmecFinder programs were employed.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Phylogenetic analysis was performed using core genome reconstruction and identified potential cases of nosocomial infections, as well as cases of recurrent infections. The relatedness of isolates collected between 2012 and 2019 was demonstrated, along with the evolution of their genomes, including the acquisition and loss of antibiotic resistance genes. In one case of recurrent infection, the loss of several genes was observed over a remission period of approximately 5 years. Comparison of phenotypic testing results using the disk diffusion method and resistance predictions based on genome analysis revealed discrepancies for three isolates containing the aac(6’)-aph(2’’) gene, which were resistant to tobramycin and gentamicin but susceptible to amikacin. Based on the treatment outcomes of several recurrent PJI cases, it was hypothesized that radical treatment might be more effective in cases of infections caused by multidrug-resistant nosocomial strains.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>Whole-genome sequencing enables the identification of phylogenetically related isolates, with shared genetic and phenotypic properties confirming their relatedness. Against the backdrop of high-dose antibiotic therapy, S. aureus genomes accumulate changes that, through molecular genetic testing, may help to justify the choice of radical treatment strategy for periprosthetic joint infection, such as prosthesis removal.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> — один из наиболее частых возбудителей перипротезной инфекции (ППИ). Несмотря на высокое генетическое разнообразие штаммов S. aureus, определение филогенетических связей, а следовательно, и источника заражения является непростой задачей, которая может быть решена только при подробном сравнении геномов получаемых изолятов.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — используя полногеномное секвенирование с выявлением генетических и фенотипических отличий между изолятами, изучить возможность дифференцирования случаев заражения пациентов внутрибольничной перипротезной инфекцией с перспективой обоснованного выбора тактики лечения пациентов.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Были определены нуклеотидные последовательности геномов 20 изолятов S. aureus, полученных от 13 пациентов с перипротезной инфекцией. В работе были использованы стандартные микробиологические тесты и анализ геномов in silico программами ResFinder, KmerFinder, spaTyper и SCCmecFinder.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Применив филогенетический анализ с построением корового генома, были идентифицированы потенциальные случаи внутригоспитальной инфекции, а также исследованы случаи повторного развития инфекции. Показано родство изолятов, выделенных на протяжении 2012–2019 гг., а также эволюция их геномов с приобретением и потерей генов антибиотикорезистентности. Так, в одном из случаев повторного развития инфекции была обнаружена потеря нескольких генов за период ремиссии около 5 лет. При сравнении результатов фенотипического тестирования изолятов диско-диффузионным методом и предсказаний резистентности по данным анализа генома было выявлено несоответствие для трех изолятов, содержащих ген aac(6’)-aph(2’’) и резистентных к тобрамицину и гентамицину, но чувствительных к амикацину. На основании результатов лечения нескольких случаев с повторным развитием ППИ было выдвинуто предположение, что в случае развития инфекции, вызванной мультирезистентным внутригоспитальным штаммом, более эффективным может быть проведение радикального лечения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полногеномное секвенирование позволяет выявлять филогенетически родственные изоляты, общность генетических и фенотипических свойств которых подтверждает их родство. На фоне проводимой высокодозной антибактериальной терапии в геномах S. aureus накапливаются изменения, которые при молекулярно-генетическом тестировании могут помочь обосновать выбор радикальной тактики лечения перипротезной инфекции — удаление эндопротеза.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd><kwd>periprosthetic joint infection</kwd><kwd>nosocomial infection</kwd><kwd>whole-genome sequencing</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic analysis</kwd><kwd>core genome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd><kwd>перипротезная инфекция</kwd><kwd>внутригоспитальная инфекция</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>филогенетический анализ</kwd><kwd>коровый геном</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>125012300671-8</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Божкова С.А., Преображенский П.М., Кочиш А.А., Тихилов Р.М., Артюх В.А., Клиценко О.А. 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