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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17494</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-17494</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEW TECHNIQUES IN TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ТРАВМАТОЛОГИИ  И ОРТОПЕДИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>NEW TECHNIQUES IN TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dead or alive — use of indocyanine green angiography for intraoperative assessment of bone vitality in nonunion fractures: a controlled case series of four patients</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Живая или мертвая — использование ангиографии с индоцианином зеленым для интраоперационной оценки жизнеспособности костной ткани при несращениях переломов: контролируемое исследование серии из четырех клинических случаев</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-080X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malagoli</surname><given-names>Emiliano</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малаголи</surname><given-names>Эмилиано</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Biomedical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Department of Biomedical Sciences</p></bio><email>emiliano.malagoli@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-659X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vandenbulcke</surname><given-names>Filippo</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ванденбулке</surname><given-names>Филиппо</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Biomedical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Department of Biomedical Sciences</p></bio><email>filippo.vandenbulcke@humanitas.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9720-862X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ziadi</surname><given-names>Mosheer</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиади</surname><given-names>Мошир</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="SA">Saudi Arabia</country></address><email>science66@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5262-8073</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lucchesi</surname><given-names>Giovanni</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луккези</surname><given-names>Джованни</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><email>lucchesigiovanni@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zini</surname><given-names>Stefania</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зини</surname><given-names>Стефания</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><email>stefaniazini@hotmail.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0107-3423</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirienko</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириенко</surname><given-names>Александр</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><email>alexander@kirienko.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Humanitas University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Humanitas University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">King Abdullah Medical City</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">King Abdullah Medical City</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ortopediatria Center for Education, Research and Patient Care in Paediatric Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ortopediatria Center for Education, Research and Patient Care in Paediatric Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Policlinico San Pietro</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Policlinico San Pietro</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff6"><institution>Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS</institution></aff><aff id="aff7"><institution>Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>151</fpage><lpage>157</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17494">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/17494</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging is a surgical tool with increasing applications in various surgical disciplines. During nonunion resection, the assessment of bone vascularization is currently based only on the surgeon’s experience. We introduced the use of indocyanine green (ICG) angiography in orthopedics.</p> <p><bold>The aims of the study:</bold> 1) to use ICG fluorescence angiography to evaluate the bone perfusion in patients with atrophic nonunion, where poor or absent ICG flow reveals avascular tissue associated with bone necrosis requiring surgical resections; 2) to describe our case series of patients operated with this technique.</p> <p><bold>Methods. </bold>We used ICG angiography in patients operated for tibial nonunion resection. We administered 0.5 mg/kg of ICG powder dissolved in sterile saline at 2.5 mg/ml concentration. The time from the injection to the beginning of appreciation of the green dye was measured. Non-viable bone was resected accordingly. Patient underwent routine follow-up. We enrolled all the suitable patients operated from April 2019 to June 2021 and matched three control patients for each of them. We reviewed their medical records and noted any relevant data.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>We enrolled 4 cases and 12 controls, all male. The mean age was 30.8±6.9 years. The mean duration from trauma to surgery was 10.5 (0.7-25.0) months. The mean duration of surgery was 190.8±40.3 min. The defect size was 4.89±2.03 cm. ICG allowed rapid visualization of bone vascularization after 25-45 sec. No adverse events were observed. The mean external fixation time was 11.8±5.0 months. The mean external fixation index was 2.69±1.10. Seven patients needed a surgical revision during treatment. Three patients underwent reintervention after frame removal. There are no statistically significant differences between cases and controls.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>The research findings of this study are limited by the small number of observations. However, this technique is safe, easy, and rapid and may contribute to intraoperative decision of how much to resect. Using ICG could objectively demonstrate bone perfusion to help surgeons to avoid massive bone defects.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Флуоресцентная визуализация индоцианином зеленым (ICG) — это хирургический метод исследования, который находит все более широкое применение в различных хирургических специальностях. В настоящее время оценка жизнеспособности костной ткани в ходе резекции по поводу несращения перелома основывается только на опыте хирурга. Мы апробировали ангиографию с индоцианином зеленым при ортопедических вмешательствах.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>ICG-ангиография проводилась пациентам, которым выполняли резекцию большеберцовой кости по поводу несращения. Мы вводили 0,5 мг/кг порошка с ICG, растворенного в стерильном физрастворе в концентрации 2,5 мг/мл. Измеряли время от инъекции до обнаружения зеленого красителя в зоне несращения. На основании полученного результата нежизнеспособная костная ткань резецировалась. Пациент проходил плановое наблюдение. В исследование вошли все пациенты, удовлетворяющие критериям включения и прооперированные с апреля 2019 по июнь 2021 г. Для каждого пациента были подобраны по три контрольных пациента. Мы изучили их медицинские документы и зафиксировали все клинически значимые данные.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В исследование были включены 4 исследуемых пациента и 12 контрольных, все мужчины. Средний возраст составил 30,8±6,9 года, среднее время от травмы до операции — 10,5 (0,7–25,0) мес., средняя длительность операции — 190,8±40,3 мин. Средний размер дефекта был равен 4,89±2,03 см. ICG-ангиография позволяла оценить степень васкуляризации костной ткани через 25–45 сек. с момента введения красителя. Нежелательных явлений не наблюдалось. Средняя продолжительность внешней фиксации составила 11,8±5,0 мес., средний индекс внешней фиксации — 2,69±1,10. В ходе лечения семи пациентам потребовалась хирургическая ревизия. Трем пациентам было проведено повторное вмешательство после демонтажа аппарата. Статистически значимых различий между группой исследования и контрольной группой выявлено не было.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Результаты данного исследования ограничены небольшим количеством наблюдений. Тем не менее описанный метод исследования безопасен и прост, при необходимости позволяет во время операции быстро принять решение об объеме резекции. ICG-ангиография является объективным методом визуализации перфузии кости, помогая хирургам избежать массивных костных дефектов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>indocyanine green</kwd><kwd>fracture nonunion</kwd><kwd>bone resection</kwd><kwd>vascularization assessment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индоцианин зеленый</kwd><kwd>несращение перелома</kwd><kwd>резекция костной ткани</kwd><kwd>оценка васкуляризации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Mumford J.E., Simpson A.H.R.W. Management of Bone Defects. A Review of Available Techniques. Iowa Orthopc J. 1992;12:42-49.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Nauth A., McKee M.D., Einhorn T.A., Watson J.T., Li R., Schemitsch E.H. Managing Bone Defects. 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