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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1725</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-1725</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical and experimental studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретические и экспериментальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Theoretical and experimental studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Microbiological Profile of the Implantation Zone under Different Mechanical Compression of Percutaneous Implants</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микробиологический профиль зоны имплантации в условиях различной механической компрессии чрескожных имплантатов: экспериментальное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8516-8571</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">26024482600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-5847-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9345-8300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stogov</surname><given-names>Maksim V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стогов</surname><given-names>Максим Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>stogo_off@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2890-3597</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55963731500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">H-2378-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1151-7941</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Emanov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еманов</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Vet.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. вет. наук</p></bio><email>a_eman@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8512-4165</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56403259900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ACV-8266-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2642-3640</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goodovykh</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Годовых</surname><given-names>Наталья Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник, отдел доклинических и лабораторных исследований</p></bio><email>natalia_nvn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1706</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57194208169</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">L-5439-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9560-3360</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovchinnikov</surname><given-names>Evgenyi N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овчинников</surname><given-names>Евгений Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>omu00@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-608X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">44062153800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAF-1375-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7554-9130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tushina</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тушина</surname><given-names>Наталья Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>ntushina76@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8949-6345</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57191966571</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAE-8174-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7321-4466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Viktor P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Виктор Павлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Tech.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук</p></bio><email>wpkuzn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Ilizarov Medical Research Centre for Traumatology and Ortopaedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. акад. Г.А. Илизарова» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Уральский федеральный университет им. первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина» Минобрнауки России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-06-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-01-13"><day>13</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-03-10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Stogov M.V., Emanov A.A., Goodovykh N.V., Ovchinnikov E.N., Tushina N.V., Kuznetsov V.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Стогов М.В., Еманов А.А., Годовых Н.В., Овчинников Е.Н., Тушина Н.В., Кузнецов В.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Stogov M., Emanov A., Goodovykh N., Ovchinnikov E., Tushina N., Kuznetsov V.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stogov M.V., Emanov A.A., Goodovykh N.V., Ovchinnikov E.N., Tushina N.V., Kuznetsov V.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стогов М.В., Еманов А.А., Годовых Н.В., Овчинников Е.Н., Тушина Н.В., Кузнецов В.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Stogov M., Emanov A., Goodovykh N., Ovchinnikov E., Tushina N., Kuznetsov V.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1725">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1725</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Background.</italic></bold> Infection of percutaneous implants in patients with limb amputation is the most common complication.</p> <p><bold><italic>This study aimed </italic></bold>to evaluate the microbiological contamination of the implantation zone depending on the implant mechanical compression under the conditions of the additional external fixation.</p> <p><bold><italic>Methods. </italic></bold>The study was performed on 36 male rabbits. The tibia of all the rabbits was sawn at the border of the upper and middle parts. The medullary canal was reamed and a percutaneous implant was placed in the tibial stump. The segment and the implant were fixed with an Ilizarov apparatus. An additional compression device was installed in 30 animals. We used 5 compression modes, accordingly, 6 experimental groups were formed, 6 animals in each: group 1 — without compression, group 2 — compression on the implant with force of 0.053 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, group 3 — compression on the implant with force of 0.105 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, group 4 — compression on the implant with force of 0.158 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, group 5 — compression on the implant with force of 0.211 N/mm<sup>2</sup>, group 6 — compression on the implant with force of 0.263 N/mm<sup>2</sup>. The restraint was removed 6 weeks after implantation for a total follow-up of 26 weeks. The microflora of the place where the implant enters the skin (the implant / skin interface) was investigated, the level of blood leukocytes and the level of C-reactive protein in blood serum were determined.</p> <p><bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> On days 9-10 after implantation, significant differences in the microbial landscape were found at the site of the exit of the metal implant in animals of different groups. The largest number of strains was found in animals of groups 1, 5 and 6, the smallest in groups 2 and 3. The most frequently detected strains: <italic>S. saprophyticus</italic> and <italic>Enterococcus</italic> spp. It was found that the greatest statistically significant increase in the level of CRP in the blood serum was observed in animals of group 6. The level of leukocytes in animals of all groups did not change statistically significantly relative to preoperative values. Animals with better osseointegration (groups 2 and 3 — no cases of implant loss) showed a minimal number of growing strains.</p> <p><bold><italic>Conclusions. </italic></bold>The microbiological profile of the implantation zone of percutaneous implants changes depending on the amount of mechanical compression. The optimal mode is 0.053-0.105 N/mm<sup>2</sup>.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Актуальность. </italic></bold>Инфицирование чрескожных имплантатов у пациентов с ампутациями конечностей является наиболее частым осложнением.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель исследования </italic></bold>— оценка микробиологического обсеменения зоны имплантации в зависимости от механической компрессии имплантата в условиях его дополнительной внешней фиксации.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материал и методы. </italic></bold>Исследование выполнено на 36 самцах кроликов. Всем животным осуществляли распил большеберцовой кости на границе верхней и средней третей. Затем рассверливали костномозговой канал и устанавливали чрескожный имплантат в культю большеберцовой кости. Сегмент и имплантат фиксировали аппаратом Илизарова. Тридцати животным дополнительно устанавливали компрессионное устройство. Использовали 5 режимов компрессии, соответственно этому было сформировано 6 экспериментальных групп по 6 животных в каждой: группа 1 — без компрессии; группа 2 — компрессия на имплантат силой 0,053 Н/мм<sup>2</sup>; группа 3 — компрессия на имплантат силой 0,105 Н/мм<sup>2</sup>; группа 4 — компрессия на имплантат силой 0,158 Н/мм<sup>2</sup>; группа 5 — компрессия на имплантат силой 0,211 Н/мм<sup>2</sup>; группа 6 — компрессия на имплантат силой 0,263 Н/мм<sup>2</sup>. Удерживающее устройство демонтировали через 6 нед. после имплантации, общий период наблюдения составил 26 нед. Исследовали микрофлору места вхождения имплантата в кожу (интерфейс имплантат/кожа), определяли уровень лейкоцитов в крови и уровень С-реактивного белка в сыворотке крови.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold>. На 9–10-е сут. после имплантации в месте выхода металлического имплантата у животных разных групп обнаруживались существенные отличия микробного пейзажа. Наибольшее количество штаммов обнаружено у животных групп 1, 5 и 6; наименьшее — в группах 2 и 3. Наиболее часто обнаруживаемые штаммы — <italic>S. saprophyticus </italic>и <italic>Enterococcus</italic> spp. Наибольшее статистически значимое повышение уровня С-реактивного белка в сыворотке крови отмечалось у животных группы 6. Уровень лейкоцитов у животных всех групп статистически значимо не изменялся относительно дооперационных значений. У животных с лучшей остеоинтеграцией (в группах 2 и 3 не было случаев выпадения имплантатов) наблюдалось минимальное число растущих штаммов.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключени</italic></bold><bold>е.</bold> Микробиологический профиль зоны имплантации в условиях различной механической компрессии чрескожных имплантатов изменяется в зависимости от величины нагрузок. Применение нагрузок в пределах 0,053–0,105 Н/мм<sup>2</sup> лучше сказывается на приживаемости имплантатов и обсемененности зоны имплантации, чем отсутствие компрессии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prosthetics</kwd><kwd>osseointegration</kwd><kwd>implant</kwd><kwd>microflora</kwd><kwd>compression</kwd><kwd>Ilizarov apparatus</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>протезирование</kwd><kwd>остеоинтеграция</kwd><kwd>имплантат</kwd><kwd>микробиологическое обсеменение</kwd><kwd>компрессия</kwd><kwd>аппарат Илизарова</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zaid M.B., O’Donnell R.J., Potter B.K., Forsberg J.A. Orthopaedic osseointegration: state of the art. 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