<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16493</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-16493</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Results of Surgical Treatment of Ankle and Posterior Malleolus Fractures Using Different Surgical Techniques</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Результаты лечения пациентов с переломами лодыжек и заднего края большеберцовой кости с использованием различных вариантов хирургической техники</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8898-503X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeev</surname><given-names>Gennadii  D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеев</surname><given-names>Геннадий Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>gdsergeev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-5183</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belen’kiy</surname><given-names>Igor G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беленький</surname><given-names>Игорь Григорьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>belenkiy.trauma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6437-6424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Refitskii</surname><given-names>Yurii V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рефицкий</surname><given-names>Юрий Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yur1140@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savello</surname><given-names>Viktor E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савелло</surname><given-names>Виктор Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>prof_savello@emergency.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-1571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maiorov</surname><given-names>Boris A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майоров</surname><given-names>Борис Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>bmayorov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУ «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. И.И. Джанелидзе»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУ «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. И.И. Джанелидзе»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Interdistrict Clinical Hospital of Vsevolozhsk</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ ЛО «Всеволожская клиническая межрайонная больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-11-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-27"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-11-09"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/16493">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/16493</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background<italic>. </italic></bold>Almost half of the patients with ankle fractures have fracture of the posterior malleolus. Conclusions of the existing studies are contradictory and do not provide a decisive answer to the question of the need for fixation of the posterior tibial fragment.</p> <p><bold>Aim of the study<italic> </italic></bold>— to compare the radiologic and functional outcomes of osteosynthesis of the posterior tibial fragment in unstable ankle fractures using closed reduction and minimally invasive technique and direct open reduction using posterolateral and posteromedial surgical approaches.</p> <p><bold>Methods<italic>. </italic></bold>Prospective multicenter study enrolled 132 patients with complex ankle and posterior malleolus fractures. They were divided into three groups depending on the technique of fixation of posterior tibia. Functional and radiologic results of treatment were assessed at 12, 24, and 48 weeks after osteosynthesis. The AOFAS and Neer scales were used.</p> <p><bold>Results<italic>. </italic></bold>Bone union occurred in all patients at an average of 8.3±0.8 weeks after surgery. Analysis of postoperative CT scans showed that the use of posterior approaches provided statistically significantly more precise reduction of the fragments of posterior tibia. Functional results of patients of the second (posterolateral approach) and third (posteromedial approach) groups at 24 and 48 weeks of follow-up were statistically significantly superior to those of the first group. The median AOFAS score at 48 weeks of follow-up was 86 for group 2 patients and 90 — for group 3. The median scores on the Neer scale were 88 and 94 points respectively.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion<italic>. </italic></bold>Posterior approaches in the surgical treatment of patients with complex ankle and posterior malleolus fractures allow for more precise fragment open reduction compared to closed one. These patients also show better mid-term functional outcomes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность<italic>.</italic></bold> Почти у половины пациентов перелом лодыжек сопровождается повреждением заднего края большеберцовой кости (ББК). Результаты проведенных исследований противоречивы и не дают однозначного ответа на вопрос о необходимости фиксации заднего фрагмента ББК.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — сравнить рентгенологические и функциональные результаты различных вариантов остеосинтеза фрагмента заднего края большеберцовой кости при нестабильных переломах лодыжек с использованием заднелатерального и заднемедиального хирургических доступов.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы<italic>.</italic></bold> В проспективное с ретроспективной группой сравнения многоцентровое исследование включены 132 пациента со сложными переломами лодыжек и заднего отдела ББК, которые были разделены на три группы в зависимости от методики фиксации заднего края. В первой группе (70 пациентов) репозиция фрагмента заднего края ББК выполнялась закрытым способом, а его остеосинтез был выполнен малоинвазивно стягивающими винтами, проведенными в направлении спереди назад. Во второй группе (33 пациента) выполняли открытую репозицию и внутреннюю фиксацию фрагмента заднего края ББК из заднелатерального хирургического доступа. В третьей группе (29 пациентов) были выполнены открытая репозиция и остеосинтез заднего края ББК через заднемедиальный или модифицированный заднемедиальный доступ. Оценка функциональных и рентгенологических результатов лечения производилась в сроки 12, 24 и 48 нед. после операции остеосинтеза по шкалам AOFAS и Neer.</p> <p><bold>Результаты<italic>.</italic></bold> Консолидация перелома у всех пациентов наступила в среднем через 8,3±0,8 нед. Анализ срезов послеоперационной СКТ показал, что применение задних доступов обеспечило статистически значимо более точную репозицию фрагментов заднего края ББК. Функциональные результаты пациентов второй (заднелатеральный доступ) и третьей (заднемедиальный доступ) групп на сроках наблюдения 24 и 48 нед. статистически значимо превосходили показатели первой группы. По шкале AOFAS на сроке 48 нед. после операции медиана значений у пациентов второй группы составила 86 баллов, у пациентов третьей группы— 90 баллов, по шкале Neer — 88 и 94 баллов соответственно.</p> <p><bold>Заключение<italic>. </italic></bold>Применение задних доступов при хирургическом лечении пациентов со сложными переломами лодыжек и заднего края большеберцовой кости позволяет добиться более точной открытой репозиции отломков по сравнению с закрытой. Эти пациенты демонстрируют более высокие среднесрочные функциональные результаты.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ankle fracture</kwd><kwd>posterior malleolus fracture</kwd><kwd>tibia fracture</kwd><kwd>posteromedial approach</kwd><kwd>posterolateral approach</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>перелом лодыжек</kwd><kwd>перелом большеберцовой кости</kwd><kwd>заднемедиальный доступ</kwd><kwd>заднелатеральный доступ</kwd><kwd>остеосинтез лодыжек</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pilskog K., Gote T.B., Odland H.E.J., Fjeldsgaard K.A., Dale H., Inderhaug E. et al. Traditional Approach vs Posterior Approach for Ankle Fractures Involving the Posterior Malleolus. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42(4):389-399. doi: 10.1177/1071100720969431.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">1.	Pilskog K., Gote T.B., Odland H.E.J., Fjeldsgaard K.A., Dale H., Inderhaug E., Fevang J.M. Traditional Approach vs Posterior Approach for Ankle Fractures Involving the Posterior Malleolus. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42(4):389-399. doi:10.1177/1071100720969431.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Odak S., Ahluwalia R., Unnikrishnan P., Hennessy M., Platt S. Management of Posterior Malleolar Fractures: A Systematic Review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55(1):140-145. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2015.04.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">2.	Odak S., Ahluwalia R., Unnikrishnan P., Hennessy M., Platt S. Management of Posterior Malleolar Fractures: A Systematic Review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55(1):140-145. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2015.04.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang L., Yin G., Zhu J., Liu H., Zhao X., Xue L. et al. Posterolateral approach for posterior malleolus fixation in ankle fractures: functional and radiological outcome based on Bartonicek classification. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2023;143(7):4099-4109. doi: 10.1007/s00402-022-04620-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">3.	Yang L., Yin G., Zhu J., Liu H., Zhao X., Xue L., Yin F., Liu J., Liu Z. Posterolateral approach for posterior malleolus fixation in ankle fractures: functional and radiological outcome based on Bartonicek classification. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2023;143(7):4099-4109. doi:10.1007/s00402-022-04620-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neumann A.P., Rammelt S. Ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus: patient characteristics and 7-year results in 100 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2022;142(8):1823-1834. doi: 10.1007/s00402-021-03875-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">4.	Neumann A.P., Rammelt S. Ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus: patient characteristics and 7-year results in 100 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2022;142(8):1823-1834. doi:10.1007/s00402-021-03875-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haraguchi N., Haruyama H., Toga H., Kato F. Pathoanatomy of posterior malleolar fractures of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(5):1085-1092. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00856.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">5.	Haraguchi N., Haruyama H., Toga H., Kato F. Pathoanatomy of posterior malleolar fractures of the ankle [published correction appears in J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(8):1835]. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(5):1085-1092. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00856.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartoníček J., Rammelt S., Tuček M. Posterior Malleolar Fractures: Changing Concepts and Recent Developments. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017;22(1):125-145. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2016.09.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">6.	Bartoníček J., Rammelt S., Tuček M. Posterior Malleolar Fractures: Changing Concepts and Recent Developments. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017;22(1):125-145. doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2016.09.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erinç S., Cam N. Does it matter the fixation method of the posterior malleolar fragment in trimalleolar fractures? Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2021;88(3):204-210. (In English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">7.	Erinç S, Cam N. Does It Matter the Fixation Method of The Posterior Malleolar Fragment in Trimalleolar Fractures? Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2021;88(3):204-210.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Беленький И.Г., Майоров Б.А., Кочиш А.Ю., Сергеев Г.Д., Рефицкий Ю.В., Савелло В.Е. и др. Использование заднемедиального хирургического доступа для остеосинтеза при переломах лодыжек и заднего края большеберцовой кости. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2022;28(3):16-28. doi: 10.17816/2311-2905-1800. Belen’kii I.G., Maiorov B.A., Kochish A.Y., Sergeev G.D,. Refitskii Y.V., Savello V.E. et al. Posteromedial Approach in Fracture Fixation of Malleoli and Posterior Edge of Tibia. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2022;28(3): 16-28. (In Russian). doi: 10.17816/2311-2905-1800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">8.	Беленький И.Г., Майоров Б.А., Кочиш А.Ю., Сергеев Г.Д., Рефицкий Ю.В., Савелло В.Е., Смирнов С.С. Использование заднемедиального хирургического доступа для остеосинтеза при переломах лодыжек и заднего края большеберцовой кости // Травматология и ортопедия России. 2022;28(3):16-28. doi:10.17816/2311-2905-1800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Беленький И.Г., Майоров Б.А., Кочиш А.Ю., Сергеев Г.Д., Савелло В.Е., Тульчинский А.Э. и др. Остеосинтез нестабильных переломов лодыжек и заднего края большеберцовой кости из заднелатерального хирургического доступ. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2021;27(3):29-42. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-3-29-42. Belen’kii I.G., Maiorov B.A., Kochish A.Y., Sergeev G.D., Savello V.E., Tul’chinskii A.E. et al. Unstable Fractures Osteosynthesis of Malleoli and Posterior Edge of the Tibia Using Posterolateral Surgical Approach. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2021;27(3):29-42. (In Russian). doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-3-29-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belen’kii I.G., Maiorov B.A., Kochish A.Yu., Sergeev G.D., Refitskii Yu.V., Savello V.E., Smirnov S.S. Ispol'zovanie zadnemedial'nogo khirurgicheskogo dostupa dlya osteosinteza pri perelomakh lodyzhek i zadnego kraya bol'shebertsovoi kosti [Posteromedial Approach in Fracture Fixation of Malleoli and Posterior Edge of Tibia]. Travmatologiya i ortopediya Rossii. 2022;28(3):16-28. doi:10.17816/2311-2905-1800. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitaoka H.B., Alexander I.J., Adelaar R.S., Nunley J.A., Myerson M.S., Sanders M. Clinical rating systems for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser toes. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15(7):349-353. doi: 10.1177/107110079401500701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">9.	Беленький И.Г., Майоров Б.А., Кочиш А.Ю., Сергеев Г.Д., Савелло В.Е., Тульчинский А.Э., Рефицкий Ю.В., Исаев М.В. Остеосинтез нестабильных переломов лодыжек и заднего края большеберцовой кости из заднелатерального хирургического доступ // Травматология и ортопедия России. 2021;27(3):29-42. doi:10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-3-29-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neer C.S. 2nd, Grantham S.A., Shelton M.L. Supracondylar fracture of the adult femur. A study of one hundred and ten cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1967;49(4):591-613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belenkiy I.G., Maiorov B.A., Kochish A.Yu., Sergeev G.D., Savello V.E., Tul’chinskii A.E., Refitskii Yu.V., Isaev M.V. Osteosintez nestabil'nykh perelomov lodyzhek i zadnego kraya bol'shebertsovoi kosti iz zadnelateral'nogo khirurgicheskogo dostup. [Unstable Fractures Osteosynthesis of Malleoli and Posterior Edge of the Tibia Using Posterolateral Surgical Approach]. Travmatologiya i ortopediya Rossii. 2021;27(3):29-42. doi:10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-3-29-42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tenenbaum S., Shazar N., Bruck N., Bariteau J. Posterior Malleolus Fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 2017;48(1):81-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2016.08.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">10.	Kitaoka H.B., Alexander I.J., Adelaar R.S., Nunley J.A., Myerson M.S., Sanders M. Clinical rating systems for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser toes. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15(7):349-353. doi:0.1177/107110079401500701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buckley R.E., Moran C.G., Apivatthakakul Th. AO principles of fracture management. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2018. 1120 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">11.	Neer C.S. 2nd, Grantham S.A., Shelton M.L. Supracondylar fracture of the adult femur. A study of one hundred and ten cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1967;49(4):591-613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vrahas M., Fu F., Veenis B. Intraarticular contact stresses with simulated ankle malunions. J Orthop Trauma. 1994;8(2):159-166. doi: 10.1097/00005131-199404000-00014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">12.	Tenenbaum S., Shazar N., Bruck N., Bariteau J. Posterior Malleolus Fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 2017;48(1):81-89. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2016.08.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papachristou G., Efstathopoulos N., Levidiotis C., Chronopoulos E. Early weight bearing after posterior malleolar fractures: an experimental and prospective clinical study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2003;42(2):99-104. doi: 10.1016/s1067-2516(03)70009-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">13.	Buckley R.E., Moran C.G., Apivatthakakul Th. AO principles of fracture management. 3d ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2018. 1120 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Воронкевич И.А., Кулик В.И., Лаврентьев A.B. Эргономика остеосинтеза «трехлодыжечного» перелома. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2002;(1):44-46. Voronkevich I.A., Kulik V.I., Lavrentyev A.V. Ergonomics of osteosynthesis of “trimalleolar” fracture. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2002;(1):44-46. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">14.	Vrahas M., Fu F., Veenis B. Intraarticular contact stresses with simulated ankle malunions. J Orthop Trauma. 1994;8(2):159-166. doi:10.1097/00005131-199404000-00014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y., Wang J., Luo C.F. Modified posteromedial approach for treatment of posterior pilon variant fracture. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:328. doi: 10.1186/s12891-016-1182-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">15.	Papachristou G., Efstathopoulos N., Levidiotis C., Chronopoulos E. Early weight bearing after posterior malleolar fractures: an experimental and prospective clinical study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2003;42(2):99-104. doi:10.1016/s1067-2516(03)70009-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arrondo G.M., Joannas G. Complex Ankle Fractures: Practical Approach for Surgical Treatment. Foot Ankle Clin. 2020;25(4):587-595. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2020.08.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">16.	Воронкевич И.А., Кулик В.И., Лаврентьев A.B. Эргономика остеосинтеза «трехлодыжечного» перелома. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2002;(1):44-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhong S., Shen L., Zhao J.G.., Chen J., Xie J.F., Shi Q. et al. Comparison of Posteromedial Versus Posterolateral Approach for Posterior Malleolus Fixation in Trimalleolar Ankle Fractures. Orthop Surg. 2017;9(1):69-76. doi: 10.1111/os.12308.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voronkevich I.A., Kulik V.I., Lavrentyev A.V. Ergonomika osteosinteza «trekhlodyzhechnogo» pereloma. [Ergonomics of osteosynthesis of “trimalleolar” fracture]. Travmatologiya i ortopediya Rossii. 2002;(1):44-46. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assal M., Dalmau-Pastor M., Ray A., Stern R. How to Get to the Distal Posterior Tibial Malleolus? A Cadaveric Anatomic Study Defining the Access Corridors Through 3 Different Approaches. J Orthop Trauma. 2017;31(4): е127-е129. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">17.	Wang Y., Wang J., Luo C.F. Modified posteromedial approach for treatment of posterior pilon variant fracture. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:328. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1182-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernández-Rojas E., Herrera-Pérez M., Vilá-Rico J. Posterior malleolar fractures: Indications and surgical approaches. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2023;67(2):160-169. doi: 10.1016/j.recot.2022.10.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">18.	Arrondo G.M., Joannas G. Complex Ankle Fractures: Practical Approach for Surgical Treatment. Foot Ankle Clin. 2020;25(4):587-595. doi:10.1016/j.fcl.2020.08.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drijfhout van Hooff C.C., Verhage S.M., Hoogendoorn J.M. Influence of fragment size and postoperative joint congruency on long-term outcome of posterior malleolar fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(6):673-678. doi: 10.1177/1071100715570895.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">19.	Zhong S., Shen L., Zhao J.G.., Chen J., Xie J.F., Shi Q., Wu Y.H., Zeng X.T. Comparison of Posteromedial Versus Posterolateral Approach for Posterior Malleolus Fixation in Trimalleolar Ankle Fractures. Orthop Surg. 2017;9(1):69-76. doi:10.1111/os.12308.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidović D., Elabjer E., Muškardin I.V.A., Milosevic M., Bekic M., Bakota B. Posterior fragment in ankle fractures: anteroposterior vs posteroanterior fixation. Injury. 2017;48(5):S65-S69. doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(17)30743-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">20.	Assal M., Dalmau-Pastor M., Ray A., Stern R. How to Get to the Distal Posterior Tibial Malleolus? A Cadaveric Anatomic Study Defining the Access Corridors Through 3 Different Approaches. J Orthop Trauma. 2017;31(4):127-129. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000774</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>21.	Fernández-Rojas E., Herrera-Pérez M., Vilá-Rico J. Posterior malleolar fractures: Indications and surgical approaches. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2023;67(2):160-169. doi:10.1016/j.recot.2022.10.019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>22.	Drijfhout van Hooff C.C., Verhage S.M., Hoogendoorn J.M. Influence of fragment size and postoperative joint congruency on long-term outcome of posterior malleolar fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(6):673-8. doi: 10.1177/1071100715570895.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>23.	Vidović D., Elabjer E., Muškardin I.V.A., Milosevic M., Bekic M., Bakota B. Posterior fragment in ankle fractures: anteroposterior vs posteroanterior fixation. Injury. 2017;48(5):65-69. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(17)30743-X.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
