<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">163</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21823/2311-2905-2016-0-2-101-113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Management of femur and tibia metaphyseal bone defects during revision total knee arthroplasty – methods and outcomes (review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>КОМПЕНСАЦИЯ ДЕФЕКТОВ МЕТАЭПИФИЗОВ БЕДРЕННОЙ И БОЛЬШЕБЕРЦОВОЙ КОСТЕЙ ПРИ РЕВИЗИОННОМ ЭНДОПРОТЕЗИРОВАНИИ КОЛЕННОГО СУСТАВА – СПОСОБЫ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИХ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bovkis</surname><given-names>G. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бовкис</surname><given-names>Г. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher of knee pathology department of Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь отделения патологии коленного сустава ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>dr.Bovkis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulyaba</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куляба</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>head of knee pathology department of Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук руководитель отделения патологии коленного сустава ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kornilov</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнилов</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>professor of chair of traumatology and orthopaedics of Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, associate professor of department of traumatology and orthopaedics of Mechnikov North Western State Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук профессор кафедры травматологии и ортопедии ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России; доцент кафедры травматологии и ортопедии ГБОУ ВПО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, ul. Ak. Baykova, 8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 195427</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России, ул. Ак. Байкова, д. 8, Санкт-Петербург, Россия, 195427</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, ul. Ak. Baykova, 8, St. Petersburg, Russia, 195427&#13;
&#13;
Mechnikov North Western State Medical University, Kirochnaya ul., 41, St. Petersburg, Russia, 191015</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России, ул. Ак. Байкова, д. 8, Санкт-Петербург, Россия, 195427&#13;
&#13;
ГБОУ ВПО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России, ул. Кирочная, д. 41, Санкт-Петербург, Россия, 191015</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-09-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/163">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/163</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is becoming an increasingly common treatment for a wide variety of diseases, as well as treatment for consequences from knee injury. The number of primary joint replacement operations have been steadily climbing. As a result, the number of revision procedures have also grown, accounting for 6–8% of arthroplasties. The problem of bone defects compensation remains one of the greatest challenges faced by the surgeon during revision TKA and usually requires a comprehensive approach, careful preoperative planning and preparation. The compensation of small, in depth and extent, bone defects (AORI Type I and II) does not present serious difficulties and their methods are well developed. Whereas the compensation of massive defects (Type 3) is extremely difficult. Until recently, structural allografts were the only method available to surgeons and still remain relevant and demonstrate good results. In recent years, as an alternative, it has become possible to use sleeves and cones made of porous metal, which are also showing very promising mid-term results. This review demonstrates the results from recent studies of mid-term and long-term outcomes of revision TKA, in which different methods of bone defect compensation were used. The clinical evidence did not demonstrate any obvious advantage of using one method over another, therefore, research in this area continues to remain relevant.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Эндопротезирование коленного сустава становится все более распространенным методом лечения широкого спектра заболеваний и последствий травм коленного сустава. С ростом количества операций первичного эндопротезирования неуклонно возрастает количество ревизионных вмешательств, и в настоящее время их доля достигает 6–8% от общего числа артропластик. Проблема компенсации костных дефектов остается одной из сложнейших задач, с которыми сталкивается хирург в процессе ревизионного эндопротезирования коленного сустава. Для решения данной задачи необходимы комплексный подход, тщательное предоперационное планирование и подготовка. Методы компенсации небольших по глубине и протяженности костных дефектов (1-го и 2-го типов по AORI) не представляют серьезных трудностей и хорошо отработаны, задача компенсации массивных дефектов (3-го типа) остается крайне сложной. До недавнего времени в арсенале хирурга имелись только костные структурные аллотрансплантаты, сохраняющие свою актуальность и демонстрирующие хорошие результаты до настоящего времени. В последние годы в качестве альтернативы появилась возможность использования втулок и конусов из пористого металла, которые также демонстрируют обнадеживающие среднесрочные результаты. В обзоре представлены данные проведенных в последние годы исследований среднесрочных и отдаленных результатов хирургического лечения больных после ревизионного эндопротезирования коленного сустава с применением различных методов компенсации костных дефектов. Опыт клинического применения различных методик не доказал очевидного преимущества какой-либо из них, поэтому научные исследования в данном направлении продолжают оставаться актуальными.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA)</kwd><kwd>bone defects</kwd><kwd>allograft</kwd><kwd>porous metal sleeves and cones</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ревизионное эндопротезирование коленного сустава</kwd><kwd>костные дефекты</kwd><kwd>аллотрансплантат</kwd><kwd>втулки и конусы из пористого металла</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Корнилов Н.Н., Куляба Т.А., Филь А.С., Ю.В. Муравьёва Ю.В. Данные регистра эндопротезирования коленного сустава РНИИТО им Р.Р. Вредена за 2011– 2013 годы. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2015; 1(75):136-151.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Куляба Т.А. Ревизионная артропластика коленного сустава. [автореф. дис. … д-ра мед. наук]. СПб.: РНИИТО им. Р.Р. Вредена; 2012. 46 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Куляба Т.А., Корнилов Н.Н., Румакин В.П., Бовкис Г.Ю., Сараев А.В. Принципы восполнения костных дефектов при реэндопротезировании коленного сустава. В кн.: Ревизионная артропластика коленного сустава. СПб.: РНИИТО им. Вредена; 2016. с. 123-139.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Куляба Т.А., Корнилов Н.Н., Селин А.В., Разорёнов В.Л., Кроитору И.И., Петухов А.И., Каземирский А.В., Засульский Ф.Ю., Игнатенко В.Л., Сараев А.В. Способы компенсации костных дефектов при ревизионном эндопротезировании коленного сустава. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2011; (61):5-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Мурылев В., Холодаев М., Елизаров П., Рубин Г., Музыченков А. Опыт применения в травматологии онкопротезов коленного сустава при обширных околосуставных костных дефектах. Врач. 2015; 1:64-68.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Новосёлов К.А., Н.Н. Корнилов, Т.А. Куляба. Травматология и ортопедия. руководство для врачей. Повреждения и заболевания коленного сустава. Гиппократ: СПб.; 2006. Т. 3, гл. 5. с. 213-438.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Agarwal S., Azam A., Morgan-Jones R. Metal metaphyseal sleeves in revision total knee replacement. Bone &amp; Joint J Br. 2013; 95(12):1640-1644.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Backstein D., Safir O., Gross A. et al. Management of bone loss:structural grafts in revision total joint replacement. Clin Orthop. 2006; 446:104-112.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Bargar W.L., Gross T.P. A classification of bone defects in revision total knee arthroplasty, Revision total knee arthroplasty. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. 1992. 68 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Barrack R.L. Evolution of the rotation hinge for complex total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2001; 392:292-299.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Barrack R.L., Lyons T.R., Ingraham R.Q. et al. The use of a modular rotating hinge component in salvage revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2000; 15:858-866.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Bauman R.D., Lewallen D.G., Hanssen A.D. Limitations of structural allograft in revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009; 467(3):818-24.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Beckmann N.A., Mueller S., Gondan M., Jaeger S., Reiner T., Bitsch R.G. Treatment of severe bone defects during revision total knee arthroplasty with structural allografts and porous metal cones – a systematic review. J Arthroplasty. 2015; 30(2):249-253.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Bezwada HP, Shah AR, Zambito K, Cerynik DL, Johanson NA. Distal femoral allograft reconstruction for massive osteolytic bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006; 21(2):242-248.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Brooks P.J., Walker P.S., Scott R.D. Tibial component fixation in deficient tibial bone stock. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984; 184:302-308.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Buck B.E., Malinin T.I., Brown M.D. Bone transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus:an estimate of risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989; 240:129-136.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Burnett R.S., Keeney J.A., Maloney W.J., Clohisy J.C. Revision total knee arthroplasty for major osteolysis. Iowa Orthop J. 2009; 29:28-37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Chun C.H., Kim J.W., Kim S.H., Kim B.G., Chun K.C., Kim K.M. Clinical and radiological results of femoral head structural allograft for severe bone defects in revision TKA - A minimum 8-year follow-up. Knee. 2014; 21(2): 420-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Clatworthy M.G., Ballance J., Brick G.W., Chandler H.P., Gross A.E. The use of structural allograft for uncontained defects in revision total knee arthroplasty. A minimum fiveyear review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001; 83(3):404-411.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Daines B.K., Dennis D.A. Management of Bone Defects in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012; 94 (12):1131-1139.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Derome P., Sternheim A., Backstein D., Malo M. Treatment of large bone defects with trabecular metal cones in revision total knee arthroplasty:short term clinical and radiographic outcomes. J Arthroplasty. 2014; 28-9:1556-60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Dorr L.D., Ranawat C.S., Sculco T.A. et al. Bone graft for tibial defects in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986; 205:153-165.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Engh G.A., Ammeen D.J. Use of structural allograft in revision total knee arthroplasty in knees with severe tibial bone loss. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007; 89(12):2640-2647.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Engh G.A., Ammeen D.J. Classification and preoperative radiographic evaluation:knee. Orthop Clin North Am. 1988; 29:205-217.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Engh G.A., Rorabeck C.H. Revision total knee arthroplasty. Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia; 1997. 459 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Ewald, F.C. The Knee Society total knee arthroplasty roentgenographic evaluation and scoring system. Clin Orthop. 1989; 248:9-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Fehring T.K., Peindl R.D., Humble R.S. et al. Modular tibial augmentations in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996; 327:207-217.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Ghazavi M.T., Stockley I., Yee G., Davis A., Gross A.E. Reconstruction of massive bone defects with allograft in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997; 79(1):17-25.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Gioe T.J., Killeen K.K., Grimm K. Why are total knee replacements revised? Analysis of early revision in a community knee implant registry. Clin Orthop. 2004; 428:100-106.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Gonzalez M.H., Mekhail A.O. The failed total knee arthroplasty:evaluation and etiology. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004; 12:436-446.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Haidukewych G.J., Hanssen A., Jones R.D. Metaphyseal fixation in revision total knee arthroplasty:indications and techniques. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011; 19:311-318.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Harada Y., Wevers H.W., Cooke T.D. Distribution of bone strength in the proximal tibia. J Arthroplasty. 1988; 3:167-175.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Harris A.I., Poddar S., Gitelis S., Sheinkop M.B., Rosenberg A.G. Arthroplasty with a composite of an allograft and a prosthesis for knees with severe deficiency of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995; 77(3):373-86.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Howard J.L., Kudera J., Lewallen D.G., Hanssen A.D. Early results of the use of tantalum femoral cones for revision total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011; 93(5):478- 84.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Huff T.W., Sculco T.P. Management of bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007; 22 ( 3):32-36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Insall J., Scott W. Surgery of the knee. Churchill Livingstone, N.Y.; 2001. 2028 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Jensen C.L., Winther N., Schrøder H.M., Petersen M.M. Outcome of revision total knee arthroplasty with the use of trabecular metal cone for reconstruction of severe bone loss at the proximal tibia. Knee. 2013; 21(6):1233-1237.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Kurtz S., Ong K., Lau E., Mowat F., Halpern M. Projections of primary and revision knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg am. 2007; 89(4):780- 785.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39. Lachiewicz P.F., Falatyn S.P. Clinical and radiographic results of total condylar III and constrained condylar total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1996; 11:916-922.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40. Lachiewicz P.F., Bolognesi M.P., Henderson R.A., Soileau E.S., Vail T.P. Can tantalum cones provide fixation in complex revision knee arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012; 70(1):199-204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41. Long W.J., Scuderi G.R. Porous tantalum cones for large metaphyseal tibial defects in revision total knee arthroplasty:a minimum 2-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2009; 24(7):1086-1092.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42. Lotke P.A., Carolan G.F., Puri N. Impaction grafting for bone defects in revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006; 446:99-103.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43. Lyall H.S., Sanghrajka A., Scott G. Severe tibial bone loss in revision total knee replacement managed with structural femoral head allograft:a prospective case series from the Royal London Hospital. Knee. 2009; 16(5):326-331.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44. Mabry T.M., Hanssen A.D. The role of stems and augments for bone loss in revision knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007; 22(1):56-60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45. Mahomed N.N., Barret J., Katz J.N., Baron J.A., Wright J., Losina E. Epidimiology of total knee replacement in the United States Medicare population. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005; 87(6);1222-1228.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46. Meneghini R.M., Lewallen D.G., Hanssen A.D. Use of porous tantalum metaphyseal cones for severe tibial bone loss during revision total knee replacement. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009; 91(Suppl 2, Pt 1): 131-138.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47. Meneghini R.M., Lewallen D.G., Hanssen A.D. Use of porous tantalum metaphyseal cones for severe tibial bone loss during revision total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90:78-84.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>48. Mnaymneh W., Emerson R.H., Borja F., Head W.C., Malinin T.I. Massive allografts in salvage revisions of failed total knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990; 260: 144- 153.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>49. Morgan D.F., Franke K.F., Nusem I., Gamboa G. Outcome of revision total knee arthroplasty with bone allograft in 30 cases. Acta Orthop Belg. 2013; 79(4):427-434.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>50. Mow C.S., Wiedel J.D. Structural allografting in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1996; 11(3): 235-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>51. Munjal S., Philips M.J., Krakow K.A. Revision total knee arthroplasty:planning, controversies and management-infection. Instr Course Lect. 2001; 50:367-377.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>52. Nelson C.L., Gioe T.G., Cheng E.Y., Thompson Jr. R.C. Implant selection in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003; 85:43-51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>53. P anni A.S., Vasso M., Cerciello S. Modular augmentation in revision total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Trauml Arthrosc. 2013; 21(12):2837-2843.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>54. P atel J.V., Masonis J.L., Guerin J. et al. The fate of augments to treat type-2 bone defects in revision knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004; 86:195-199.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>55. Qiu Y.Y., Yan C.H., Chiu K.Y., Ng F.Y. Treatment for bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2012; 20(1):78-86.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>56. Radnay C.S., Scuderi G.R. Management of bone loss:augments, cones, offset stems. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006; 446:83-92.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>57. Rand J.A., Ries M.D., Landis G.H., Rosenberg A.G. Intraoperative assessment in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg. 2003; 85:26-37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>58. Rand J.A. Bone deficiency in total knee arthroplasty. Use of metal wedge augmentation. Clin Orthop. 1991; 271:63-71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>59. Rao B.M., Kamal T.T., Vafaye J., Moss M. Tantalum cones for major osteolysis in revision knee replacement. Bone Joint J Br. 2013; 95(8):1069-1074.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>60. Rise M., Haas S., Windsor R. Soft-tissue balance in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003; 85(Suppl 1):38-42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>61. Ritter M.A., Keating E.M., Faris P.M. Screw and cement fixation of large defects in total knee arthroplasty: a sequel. J Arthroplasty. 1992; 8:63-65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>62. Schmitz H.C., Klauser W., Citak M., Al-Khateeb H., Gehrke T., Kendoff D. Three-year follow up utilizing tantal cones in revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013; 28(9):1556-1560.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>63. Stockley I., McAuley J.P., Gross A.E. Allograft reconstruction in total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992; 74(3):393-397.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>64. Taylor M., Wood G. Revision Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty for Massive Bone Loss and Periprosthetic Fracture Using a Total Femur Prosthesis: A Case Report. Orthop Muscul Syst. 2014; 3:179.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>65. Tsahakis P.J., Beaver W.B., Brick G.W. Technique and results of allograft reconstruction in revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994; 303:86-94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>66. Villanueva-Martinez M., De la Torre-Escudero B., Rojo-Manaute J.M., Rios-Luna A., Chana-Rodriguez F. Tantalum cones in revision total knee arthroplasty. A promising short- term result with 29 cones in 21 patients. J Arthroplasty. 2013; 28(6):988-993.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>67. Wang J.W., Hsu C.H., Huang C.C., Lin P.C., Chen W.S. Reconstruction using femoral head allograft in revision total knee replacement:an experience in Asian patients. Bone Joint J. 2012; 95 (B-5):643-648.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>68. Wilde A.H., Schickendantz M.S., Stulberg B.N., Go R.T. The incorporation of tibial allografts in total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990; 72(6): 815-824.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
