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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1553</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-1-86-96</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluating the Effectiveness of Biophysical Methods of Osteogenesis Stimulation: Review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительная оценка эффективности биофизических методов стимуляции остеогенеза: обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1720-1741</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Emelianov</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емельянов</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Yu. Emelianov — Doctor; Assistant Professor</p><p>Cheboksary</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Емельянов Владимир Юрьевич — врач-методист; доцент кафедры фармакологии, клинической фармакологии и биохимии</p><p>г. Чебоксары</p></bio><email>vemelianov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-145X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Preobrazhenskaia</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Преображенская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Preobrazhenskaia — Head of Research Department</p><p>Cheboksary</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Преображенская Елена Васильевна — начальник научно-образовательного отдела, врач-методист</p><p>г. Чебоксары</p></bio><email>alenka_22@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1560-470X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaev</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаев</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai S. Nikolaev — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Chief Physician; Head of Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Emergency Medicine</p><p>Cheboksary</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николаев Николай Станиславович — д-р мед. наук, профессор, главный врач; заведующий кафедрой травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной медицины</p><p>г. Чебоксары</p></bio><email>nikolaevns@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Center of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Arthroplasty</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Федеральный центр травматологии, ортопедии и эндопротезирования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Чувашский государственный университет им. И.Н. Ульянова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1553">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1553</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Stimulation of osteogenesis (SO) by biophysical methods has been widely used in practice to accelerate healing or stimulate the healing of fractures with non-unions, since the middle of the XIX century. SO can be carried out by direct current electrostimulation, or indirectly by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, capacitive electrical coupling stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation. SO simulates natural physiological processes: in the case of electrical stimulation, it changes the electromagnetic potential of damaged cell tissues in a manner similar to normal healing processes, or in the case of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, it produces weak mechanical effects on the fracture area. SO increases the expression of factors and signaling pathways responsible for tissue regeneration and bone mineralization and ultimately accelerates bone union.</p><p><bold>The purpose</bold> of this review was to present the most up-to-date data from laboratory and clinical studies of the effectiveness of SO.</p><p><bold>Material and Methods. </bold>The results of laboratory studies and the final results of metaanalyses for each of the four SO methods published from 1959 to 2020 in the PubMed, EMBASE, and eLibrary databases are reviewed.</p><p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The use of SO effectively stimulates the healing of fractures with the correct location of the sensors, compliance with the intensity and time of exposure, as well as the timing of use for certain types of fractures. In case of non-union or delayed union of fractures, spondylodesis, arthrodesis, preference should be given to non-invasive methods of SO. Invasive direct current stimulation can be useful for non-union of long bones, spondylodesis with the risk of developing pseudoarthrosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность. </bold>Стимуляция остеогенеза (СО) биофизическими методами широко применяется для ускорения заживления или стимуляции сращения переломов при несращениях, начиная с середины XIX в. СО может проводиться прямым методом с помощью электростимуляции постоянным током или непрямым — при помощи низкоинтенсивного импульсного ультразвука, стимуляции емкостной электрической связью и стимуляции импульсным электромагнитным полем. СО имитирует естественные физиологические процессы: в случае с электрической стимуляцией изменяет электромагнитный потенциал поврежденных тканей клеток схожим с процессами нормального заживления образом или в случае с низкоинтенсивным импульсным ультразвуком производит слабые механические воздействия на область перелома. СО увеличивает экспрессию факторов и сигнальных путей, ответственных за регенерацию тканей и минерализацию кости и в конечном итоге ускоряет сращение кости.</p><p><bold>Целью </bold>данного обзора являлось представление наиболее современных данных лабораторных и клинических исследований эффективности СО.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>Проведен обзор результатов лабораторных исследований и конечных результатов метаанализов статей для каждого из четырех методов СО, опубликованных с 1959 по 2020 г. в базах данных PubMed, EMBASE и eLIBRARY.</p><p><bold>Результаты и заключение. </bold>Использование СО эффективно стимулирует заживление переломов при правильном расположении датчиков, соблюдении интенсивности и времени воздействия, а также сроков применения при определенных видах переломов. При несращениях или замедлении сращения переломов, спондилодезе, артродезе следует отдавать предпочтение неинвазивным методам СО. Инвазивная стимуляция постоянным током может быть полезна при несращении длинных костей, спондилодезе с риском развития псевдоартроза.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>stimulation of osteogenesis</kwd><kwd>low-intensity pulsed ultrasound</kwd><kwd>electrical stimulation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стимуляция остеогенеза</kwd><kwd>низкоинтенсивный импульсный ультразвук</kwd><kwd>электрическая стимуляция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Einhorn TA. Enhancement of fracture healing. Instr Course Lect. 1996;45:401-16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Haglin JM, Jain S, Eltorai AEM, Daniels AH. Bone Growth Stimulation: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev. 2017;5(8):e8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.	Wang SJ, Lewallen DG, Bolander ME, Chao EY, Ilstrup DM, Greenleaf JF. 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