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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1511</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-1-185-197</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Usage of External Fixation in the Treatment of Adult Patients with Knee Joint Stiffness: Review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование метода чрескостного остеосинтеза при лечении контрактур коленного сустава у взрослых пациентов: обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4369-9619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rokhoev</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рохоев</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saigidula A. Rokhoev — PhD Student</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рохоев Сайгидула Абдурахманович — аспирант</p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>09saga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3705-3280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solomin</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соломин</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid N. Solomin — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Leading Researcher of the department of treatment of Injuries and their consequences; Professor of the Surgery Chair Medical Faculty; director</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соломин Леонид Николаевич — д-р мед. наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник; профессор кафедры общей хирургии; директор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>solomin.leonid@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">LLC “Ortho-SUV”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Орто-СУВ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>197</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-08-20"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-03-03"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1511">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1511</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Relevance.</bold> Knee contractures have an impact on quality of life and are also a common cause of disability. The use of external fixation devices has a certain place in the treatment of this pathology.</p><p><bold>Purpose. </bold>Using the world literature, to identify the modern position, problems, and prospectives of external fixation in the treatment of knee flexion and extension contractures in adult patients.</p><p><bold>Methods.</bold> EMBASE, Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, e-LIBRARY, and Cyber resources were used. The analysis included publications relative treatment of knee joint stiffness using external fixation in patients over 18 years old, regardless of gender. At analysis several criterial were used: frame ability to provide movements in the knee joint according with its natural kinematics (biomechanics), stable fixation of the femur and tibia, and possibility inserting wires and halfpins in projection of Reference Positions (RP).</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> The devices used in the treatment of knee joint contractures in adult patients were conditionally divided, depending on the type of hinge, into 4 groups: non-hinged, uniaxial, reproducing, and virtual. It has been established that only orthopedic hexapods, based on virtual hinge, can meet all of the criteria mentioned above. However the technology of any orthopedic hexapod hardware and software usage for the treatment of contractures of the knee joint, was not developed till now.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The necessity of developing hex-based technology for treatment patients with knee joint contractures was justified by world literature review. Hexapod hardware must provide possibilities of any inclination angle of any ring, and struts fixation not only to base and mobile rings, but to stabilizing as well. Software should be equipped with multi-total residual option. Ortho-SUV Frame (OSF) meets these requirements.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность. </bold>Контрактуры коленного сустава существенно влияют на качество жизни и являются частой причиной утраты трудоспособности. Определенное место при лечении данной патологии занимает использование аппаратов внешней фиксации (АВФ).</p><p><bold>Цель</bold> — основываясь на данных мировой литературы, определить значимость, нерешенные вопросы и перспективы использования чрескостного остеосинтеза при лечении сгибательных и разгибательных контрактур коленного сустава у взрослых пациентов.</p><p><bold>Материал. </bold>Для поиска литературных данных использовались электронные ресурсы: Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed, eLIBRARY, КиберЛенинка. Анализу были подвергнуты работы, посвященные лечению контрактур коленного сустава c использованием метода чрескостного остеосинтеза у пациентов старше 18 лет независимо от пола. При анализе публикаций особое внимание было уделено возможности АВФ обеспечить движения в коленном суставе в соответствии с его кинематикой (биомеханикой), стабильную фиксацию бедренной и большеберцовой костей, а также возможность использования для введения чрескостных элементов Рекомендуемых позиций.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> При анализе работ, посвященных использованию метода чрескостного остеосинтеза при лечении контрактур коленного сустава, отмечено, что в 64,4% АВФ использовались в качестве дополнения к мягкотканному релизу. В АВФ, используемых при лечении контрактур коленного сустава, было использовано 4 типа соединения проксимального и дистального модулей: бесшарнирный, одноосевой, воспроизводящий и виртуальный. Из них только ортопедические гексаподы, работающие на основе виртуального шарнира, технически способны обеспечить движения в соответствии с кинематикой коленного сустава.</p><p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Метод чрескостного остеосинтеза используется при невозможности одномоментного восстановления необходимой амплитуды движений при помощи мягкотканных операций (релизов) и как альтернатива укорачивающим остеотомиям. Из четырех типов аппаратов, применяемых для лечения контрактур коленного сустава, только ортопедические гексаподы соответствуют всем вышеперечисленным критериям, что определяет перпективность их дальнейшего использования. Однако технология использовании металлоконструкции и компьютерной программы ортопедического гексапода для лечения контрактур коленного сустава нуждается в дальнейшем совершенствовании.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>knee joint biomechanics</kwd><kwd>external fixation</kwd><kwd>Ilizarov’s technique</kwd><kwd>knee contracture</kwd><kwd>knee stiffness</kwd><kwd>soft tissue release</kwd><kwd>external fixation apparatus</kwd><kwd>orthopedic hexapods</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биомеханика движений в коленном суставе</kwd><kwd>чрескостный остеосинтез</kwd><kwd>аппараты внешней фиксации</kwd><kwd>метод Илизарова</kwd><kwd>контрактуры коленного сустава</kwd><kwd>мягкотканный релиз</kwd><kwd>шарнирные аппараты внешней фиксации</kwd><kwd>ортопедические гексаподы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Fick R. Handbuch der Anatomie und Mechanik der Gelenke: T. 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