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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">148</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21823/2311-2905-2015-0-3-76-85</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEW TECHNIQUES IN TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ТРАВМАТОЛОГИИ  И ОРТОПЕДИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>NEW TECHNIQUES IN TRAUMATOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A new algorithm for histopathological diagnosis of periprosthetic infection using CD15 focus score and computer program CD15 Quantifier</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Новый алгоритм гистопатологической диагностики перипротезной инфекции с применением шкалы CD15 focus score и компьютерной программы CD15 QuantiFier</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krenn</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кренн</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>v.Krenn@patho-trier.de</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kölbel</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колбель</surname><given-names>Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Wienert</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Винерт</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dimitriadis</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Димитриадис</surname><given-names>Ж.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kendoff</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кендоф</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gehrke</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герке</surname><given-names>Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Huber</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хубер</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frommelt</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фроммельт</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tiemann</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тиманн</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usbeck</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Узбек</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Atzrodt</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атцродт</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saeger</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зэгер</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhkova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божкова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Zentrum für Histologie, Zytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр гистологии, цитологии и молекулярной диагностики</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff2"><institution>VMscope GmbH</institution></aff><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Universität Trier</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет г. Трира</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">HELIOS ENDO-Klinik</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Хелиос Эндо-клиник</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pathologisch-bakteriologisches Institut, Otto Wagner Spital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Больница Отто Вагнера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, SRH Zentralklinikum Suhl</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиника ортопедии и травматологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff7"><institution>CeramTec GmbH</institution></aff><aff-alternatives id="aff8"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-10-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-09-12"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/148">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/148</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. A simple microscopic diagnostic quantification system for neutrophile granulocytes (NG) was developed evaluating a single focal point (CD15 focus score) which enables the detection of bacterial infection in SLIM (synoviallike interface membrane) Additionally a diagnostic algorithm is proposed how to use the CD15 focus score and the quantification software (CD15 Quantifier). Methods. 91 SLIM removed during revision surgery for histopathological diagnosis (hip; n=59 and knee; n=32) underwent histopathological classification according to the SLIM-consensus classification. NG where identified immunohistochemically by means of a CD15-specific monoclonal antibody exhibiting an intense granular cytoplasmic staining pattern. This pattern is different from CD15 expression in macrophages showing a pale and homogenous expression in mononuclear cells. The quantitative evaluation of CD15-positive neutrophils granulocytes (CD15NG) used the principle of maximum focal infiltration (focus) together with an assessment of a single focal point (approximately 0.3 mm<sup>2</sup>). This immunohistochemical data made it possible to develop CD15 Quantifier software which automatically quantifies CD15NG. Results. SLIM-cases with positive microbiological diagnosis (n=47) have significantly (p&lt;0.001, Mann-Whitney U test) more CD15NG/focal point than cases with negative microbiological diagnosis (n=44). 50 CD15NG/focal point were identified as the optimum threshold when diagnosing infection of periprosthetic joints using the CD15 focus score. If the microbiological findings are used as a ‘gold standard’ the diagnostic sensitivity is 0.83, specificity is 0.864. (PPV: 0.87; NPV: 0.83; accuracy 0.846; AUC: 0.878.) The evaluation findings for the preparations using the CD15 Quantifier (n=31) deviated in an average of 12 cells from the histopathological evaluation findings (CD15focus score). From a cell-count greater 62 CD15 Quantifier needs on average 32 seconds less than the diagnostic pathologist. Conclusion. The CD15 focus score, and the use of the «CD15 Quantifier» software which is thereby made possible, offers an automated procedure which shortens the mentally tiring and time-consuming process of microscopic cell-counting. The proposed diagnostic algorithm (how to use the CD15 focus score and the quantification software, CD15 Quantifier) may contribution towards the standardisation for periprosthetic joint infection and diagnosing bacterial infections in the SLIM.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Целью настоящего исследования явилась разработка алгоритма для диагностики ППИ на основе нового упрощенного метода (CD15 focus score) подсчета CD15-положительных нейтрофильных гранулоцитов (CD15 НГ) в синовиально-подобной поверхностной мембране (SLIM). Материал и методы. В исследование включили 91 пациента, у которого во время ревизионных операций на крупных суставах (59 тазобедренных и 32 коленных) были забраны образцы SLIM. Было выполнено микробиологическое исследование полученных образцов тканей. Иммуногистохимическими методами были идентифицированы CD15 НГ. Подсчет количества CD15 НГ проводили разработанным методом в соответствии с принципом максимальной фокусной инфильтрации (CD15 НГ/фокус) в одном поле зрения одинаковой площади (около 0,3 мм<sup>2</sup>). Для оптимизации исследования был разработан и использован метод автоматического количественного анализа с применением компьютерной программы CD15 Quantifier. Результаты. Пациенты были разделены на группу ППИ (n = 47) и контрольную группу (n = 44) в соответствии с результатами микробиологического исследования, наличием или отсутствием других клинико-лабораторных признаков инфекционного процесса. Показатель CD15 НГ/фокус в образцах SLIM у пациентов с ППИ был значимо больше, чем в контрольной группе (p&lt;0,001). Оптимальный диагностический порог для установки диагноза ППИ составил 50 CD15 НГ/фокус. Чувствительность разработанного метода в сравнении с микробиологическими данными составила 0,83; специфичность - 0,864; точность - 0,846. Установлено, что при CD15 НГ/фокусе более 62 клеток программа CD15 Quantifier всегда проводила анализ образцов быстрее врача, использующего компьютерную морфометрию. При этом применение автоматизированного метода подсчета позволяло врачу сократить время подсчета в среднем на 32 секунды. Заключение. Гистопатологическая диагностика с применением метода CD15 focus score и программы CD15 Quantifier позволяет достичь стандартизации количественных методов, необходимой для дифференциальной диагностики перипротезной инфекции и асептического расшатывания эндопротеза. В отличие от микробиологической диагностики гистопатологический метод требует меньшего времени, особенно когда есть подозрение на перипротезную инфекцию, обусловленную низковирулентным бактериальным патогеном. Надо отметить, что новые аналитические методы ни в коем случае не заменяют работу врача, но могут помочь повысить точность диагностики и сократить время, затрачиваемое на исследование.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метод CD15 focus score</kwd><kwd>диагностика перипротезной инфекции</kwd><kwd>автоматический количественный анализ</kwd><kwd>классификация SLIM-консенсуса</kwd><kwd>CD15 focus score</kwd><kwd>periprosthetic joint infection</kwd><kwd>automated image analysis</kwd><kwd>SLIM-Consensus-classification</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Banit D.M., Kaufer H., Hartford J.M. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002; (401):230-238.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Fink B., Makowiak C., Fuerst M., Berger I., SchäferP., Frommelt L. 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