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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1174</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21823/2311-2905-2019-25-1-52-64</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Algorithm for Evaluation of Bipolar Defects in Anterior Instability of the Shoulder</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Алгоритм оценки величины биполярных дефектов при передней нестабильности плечевого сустава</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khominets</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хоминец</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Khominets — Dr. Sci. (Med.), head of the Department and clinic of Traumatology and orthopedics.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хоминец Владимир Васильевич—доктор медицинских наук, начальник кафедры и начальник клиники военной травматологии и ортопедии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladkov</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладков</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman V. Gladkov — cand. Sci. (Med.), lecturer of the Department and clinic of Traumatology and orthopedics.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гладков Роман Владимирович — кандидат медицинских наук преподаватель кафедры военной травматологии и ортопедии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>dr.gladkov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zheleznyak</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Железняк</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor S. Zheleznyak — Dr. Sci. (Med.), head of the Department and clinic of Radiology and Radiology with a course of ultrasound diagnostics.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Железняк Игорь Сергеевич — доктор медицинских наук начальник кафедры рентгенологии и радиологии с курсом ультразвуковой диагностики.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grankin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гранкин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>Alexey S. Grankin — cand. Sci. (Med.), resident of the Department and clinic of Traumatology and orthopedics.</p>St. Petersburg</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гранкин Алексей Сергеевич — кандидат медицинских наук старший ординатор клиники военной травматологии и ортопедии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>Daniil A. Volov — resident of the Department and clinic of Traumatology and orthopedics.</p>St. Petersburg</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волов Даниил Александрович — старший ординатор клиники военной травматологии и ортопедии.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Emelyantsev</surname><given-names>А. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емельянцев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr A. Emelyantsev — cand. Sci. (Med.), lecturer of the Department and clinic of Radiology and Radiology with a course of ultrasound Diagnostics.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Емельянцев Александр Алексеевич — кандидат медицинских наук преподаватель кафедры рентгенологии и радиологии с курсом ультразвуковой диагностики.</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВПО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова» МО РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-05-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-05-09"><day>09</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-05-09"><day>09</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1174">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/1174</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Purpose of the study</bold> — to justify the algorithm for evaluation of bipolar defects in anterior shoulder instrability using the most accurate, statistically significant and reproducible methods which would make the algorithm applicable in practical surgery.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The authors established 4 groups with 6 patients in each with shoulder instability, group distribution was based on glenoid defect size: small (&lt;15%), moderate (15-19%), large (20-25%) and massive (&gt;25%). All 24 patients underwent 3D-CT, 3D VIBE MRI and shoulder arthroscopy. Measurements were taken by 7 specialists 5 of whom measured defect during arthroscopy. Glenoid defect was measured by linear and sectional relation methods. Pico method on 3D-CT was taken as the “golden standard”. Accuracy was verified by analysis of variance with post-hoc comparison. Reproducibility was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> All groups excluding the one with massive glenoid defects demonstrated significant differences from the model (p≤0,05) for measurements during arthroscopy and examinations by 3D-CT and 3D VIBE MRI. Restrospective analysis confirmed the least accuracy and the worst reproducibility of visual evaluation of glenoid defects less than 25%. Sectional relation method on 3D-CT had the maximum accuracy and reproducibility in all groups (PE = 1,29%±2,39%, ICC = 0,756-0,856), excluding the group with massive defects, where researched measurement methods had close accuracy when applied on 3D-CT, 3D VIBE MRI and during arthroscopy. Linear relation method on 3D-CT overestimated the defect volume at 2,1-7,9% and demonstrated less reliable reproducibility (PE = 3,22%±5,31%, ICC = 0,612-0,621). The highest error (up to 7,9%) was demonstrated by linear method in case of borderline defects in the III group of 20-25%. Insufficient conformity of results for linear (ICC = 0,42) method and moderate conformity for sectional (ICC = 0,62) method were observed during comparison of 3D VIBE MRI with 3D-CT. MRI underestimated the value of small defects and overestimated large defects. Reproducibility of measurements on 3D-CT by different operators was moderate for visual (ICC=0,594) and linear methods (ICC = 0,621) and good for sectional method (ICC = 0,756). Reproducibility of measurements by each operator also was moderate for visual and linear methods (ICC = 0,553 и ICC = 0,612) and good for sectional method (ICC = 0,856). The authors suggested an algorithm for selection of examination method and measurements for defects of articular surfaces which also considers the main factors of prognosis and risk of recurrent instability.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Sectional relation method on 3D-CT is the most precise and reproducible method of glenoid defect measurements used in the clinical practice. MRI use without CT is inadmissible for bipolar defects of borderline size. Suggested algorithm allows not to make CT examination at extreme ISIS values and increases the share of osteoplastic surgeries due to identification of off-track injuries with glenoid defects of borderline size (15-25%).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — обосновать алгоритм оценки величины биполярных дефектов при передней нестабильности плечевого сустава с использованием наиболее точных, стастически значимых и воспроизводимых методов для применения в хирургической практке.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. Были сформированы 4 группы больных с нестабильностью плечевого сустава по 6 пациентов в каждой: с малыми (&lt;15%), средними (15-19%), большими (20-25%) и массивными (&gt;25%) дефектами гленоида. Всем 24 пациентам были выполнены следующие исследования: 3D-KT, 3D VIBE МРТ и артроскопия плечевого сустава. Измерение осуществляли 7 врачей, 5 из которых также измеряли величину дефекта при артроскопии. Измеряли дефект гленоида методами линейных и сегментарных отношений. В качестве «золотого стандарта» использовали метод Pico на 3D-KT. Сравнивали точность измерений при помощи дисперсионного анализа с апостериорным сравнением. Воспроизводимость измерений оценивали помощью внутриклассового коэффициента корреляции.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Во всех группах, за исключением пациентов с массивными дефектами гленоида, были выявлены значимые отличия от эталона (p≤0,05) результатов измерений при артроскопии и исследуемыми методами на 3D-KT и 3D VIBE МРТ. Ретроспективный анализ свидетельствовал о наименьшей точности и худшей воспроизводимости визуальной оценки дефектов гленоида менее 25%. Метод сегментарных отношений на 3D-KT имел наибольшую точность и воспроизводимость во всех группах (PE = 1,29%±2,39%, ICC = 0,756-0,856), за исключением группы больных с массивными дефектами, при которых изучаемые методы измерения имели близкую точность при применении на 3D-KT, 3D VIBE МРТ и в ходе артроскопии. Линейный метод на 3D-KT переоценивал величину повреждения на 2,1-7,9% и обладал менее надежной воспроизводимостью (PE = 3,22%±5,31%, ICC = 0,612-0,621). Наибольшую ошибку (до 7,9%) линейный метод демонстрировал при пограничных дефектах — в III группе 20-25%. При сравнении 3D VIBE MPT с 3D-KT было выявлено недостаточное соответствие результатов для линейного (ICC = 0,42) и умеренное соответствие для сегментарного метода (ICC = 0,62). При MPT недооценивается величина небольших дефектов и переоцениваются большие дефекты. Воспроизводимость измерений на 3D-KT разными операторами была умеренной для визуального (ICC = 0,594) и линейного методов (ICC = 0,621) и хорошей - для сегментарного метода (ICC = 0,756). Воспроизводимость измерений каждым оператором также была умеренной для визуального и линейного методов (ICC = 0,553 и ICC = 0,612) и хорошей - для сегментарного метода (ICC = 0,856). Предложен алгоритм выбора метода исследования и способа измерения дефектов суставных поверхностей, также учитывающий основные факторы прогноза и риска рецидивирования нестабильности.</p><p><bold>Выводы</bold>. Метод сегментарных отношений на 3D-KT является наиболее точным и воспроизводимым способом измерения дефекта гленоида, применимым в практической работе. Использование MPT без KT недопустимо при биполярных дефектах «пограничных» размеров. Предложенный алгоритм позволяет не выполнять KT при крайних значениях индекса ISIS и увеличивает долю костнопластических операций за счет выявления внеопорных повреждений с дефектами гленоида пограничных размеров (15-25%).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>shoulder joint instability</kwd><kwd>bipolar defects</kwd><kwd>glenoid bone defect</kwd><kwd>Hill-Sachs fracture</kwd><kwd>Bankart fracture</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нестабильность плечевого сустава</kwd><kwd>биполярные дефекты</kwd><kwd>костный дефект гленоида</kwd><kwd>перелом Хилла - Сакса</kwd><kwd>перелом Банкарта</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Balg F., Boileau P. The instability severity index score. A simple pre-operative score to select patients for arthroscopicor open shoulder stabilisation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(11):1470-1477. 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