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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Травматология и ортопедия России</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2311-2905</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-0933</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11174</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/2311-2905-11174</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Correction of Multiapical Deformities of Long Bones of the Lower Extremities: A Review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Коррекция многовершинных деформаций длинных костей нижних конечностей: обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-5689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovenkin</surname><given-names>Evgeniy S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головёнкин</surname><given-names>Евгений Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>golovenkin_1996@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3705-3280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solomin</surname><given-names>Leonid N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соломин</surname><given-names>Леонид Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>solomin.leonid@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии им. Р.Р. Вредена» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">LLC “Ortho-SUV”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Орто-СУВ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-10-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>134</fpage><lpage>146</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-17"><day>17</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/11174">https://journal.rniito.org/jour/article/view/11174</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background<italic>. </italic></bold>Multiapical deformities of the long bones of the lower extremities represent a complex and widely prevalent orthopedic pathology. A numerous of publications address its individual aspects: diagnosis, planning, and correction. However, no single study was found that offers a comprehensive assessment of contemporary views on treating patients with multiapical deformities of long bones.</p> <p><bold>Aim of the review<italic> </italic></bold>— to define current concepts and unresolved issues in the analysis, planning, and correction of multiapical deformities of the long bones of the lower limbs based on the scientific literature.</p> <p><bold>Methods<italic>.</italic></bold> Electronic databases were utilized for literature search: PubMed/MEDLINE, SAGE Publishing Journals, Embase, eLIBRARY, Google Scholar. Particular attention was paid to studies that provide information on diagnosis, planning, and correction methods for multiapical deformities. A total of 46 publications were included in the review.</p> <p><bold>Results<italic>.</italic></bold> In the literature, the terms “multiapical deformity” and “multilevel deformity” are used synonymously. At the same time, the term “multilevel deformity” is used to denote uniapical deformities of different limb segments. The main diagnostic feature of a multiapical deformity is the location of the apex outside the bone. Unlike uniapical deformities, the correction planning of multiapical deformities uses the axis of the intermediate fragment(s). Most authors define it as the mid-diaphyseal line. The correction of multiapical deformities is performed either acute or gradually. Acute correction with internal fixation is undoubtedly more comfortable for the patient. If there are contraindications to it, the deformity correction is performed gradually using Ilizarov hinges or orthopedic hexapods.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion<italic>.</italic></bold> The term “multiapical deformity” inherently indicates that the deformed bone has more than one apex, so it should take precedence over the term “multilevel deformity”. The diagnostic feature of the multiapical deformity “localization of the AOD outside the bone” is not absolute and requires clarification. There are challenges in planning the correction using mechanical axes, as well as in determining the axis of the nonlinear (bowing) intermediate fragment(s). The “spring technique” has significant advantages over other variants of using orthopedic hexapods in correcting a multiapical deformity. However, a rationale for the optimal characteristics of springs, their fixation points to supports, and clarification of the computer program’s use method is required. Addressing these issues will enhance the treatment efficiency for patients with multiapical deformities.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность<italic>.</italic></bold> Многовершинные деформации длинных костей нижних конечностей являются сложной и широко распространенной ортопедической патологией. Большое количество публикаций посвящено ее отдельным аспектам: диагностике, планированию, коррекции. Однако не было найдено ни одной работы, содержащей комплексную оценку современных взглядов на проблему лечения пациентов с многовершинными деформациями длинных костей.</p> <p><bold>Цель<italic> —</italic></bold> основываясь на данных научной литературы, определить современные представления и нерешенные вопросы анализа, планирования и коррекции многовершинных деформаций длинных костей нижних конечностей.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы<italic>.</italic></bold> Для поиска литературы были использованы электронные базы данных: PubMed/MEDLINE, SAGE Publishing Journals, Embase, eLIBRARY, Google Scholar. Особое внимание уделялось работам, содержащим информацию о диагностике, планировании и методах коррекции многовершинных деформаций. В обзор было включено 46 публикаций.</p> <p><bold>Результаты<italic>.</italic></bold> В литературе как синонимы используются термины «многовершинная деформация» и «многоуровневая деформация». Одновременно с этим термин «многоуровневая деформация» используется для обозначения одновершинных деформаций разных сегментов конечности. Основным диагностическим признаком многовершинной деформации является расположение вершины за пределами границ кости. В отличие от одновершинных деформаций, при планировании коррекции многовершинных деформаций используется ось промежуточного(-ых) фрагмента(-ов). Большинство авторов определяют ее как среднедиафизарную линию. Коррекция многовершинных деформаций выполняется одномоментно или постепенно. Одномоментная коррекция с внутренней фиксацией, несомненно, является более комфортной для пациента. При наличии противопоказаний к ней устранение деформации выполняется дозированно с использованием унифицированных репозиционных узлов или ортопедических гексаподов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение<italic>.</italic></bold> Термин «многовершинная деформация» априори показывает, что деформированная кость имеет несколько вершин деформаций, поэтому он должен иметь приоритет перед термином «многоуровневая деформация». Диагностический признак многовершинной деформации «локализация вершины деформации за пределами границ кости» не является абсолютным и требует уточнения. При планировании коррекции имеются сложности при использовании механических осей, а также при определении оси нелинейного промежуточного фрагмента (фрагментов). «Пружинная техника» имеет значимые преимущества перед другими вариантами применения ортопедических гексаподов при коррекции многовершинной деформации. Однако необходимо обоснование оптимальных характеристик эластичных тяг, точек их фиксации к опорам, а также уточнение способа использования компьютерной программы. Решение данных задач позволит повысить эффективность лечения пациентов с многовершинными деформациями.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiapical deformities</kwd><kwd>multilevel deformities</kwd><kwd>deformity correction planning</kwd><kwd>acute deformity correction</kwd><kwd>gradual deformity correction</kwd><kwd>assisted external fixation</kwd><kwd>external fixation</kwd><kwd>orthopedic hexapod</kwd><kwd>spring technique</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>многовершинные деформации</kwd><kwd>многоуровневые деформации</kwd><kwd>одномоментная коррекция деформаций</kwd><kwd>постепенная коррекция деформаций</kwd><kwd>ассистирующая внешняя фиксация</kwd><kwd>чрескостный остеосинтез</kwd><kwd>ортопедический гексапод</kwd><kwd>пружинная техника</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paley D. 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